tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15404884647854465462024-03-14T01:08:28.587+08:00Dinosaurs and DragonsAll things fantastic and alternative about big and nasty reptilian types - a roleplaying and wargaming resourceMitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.comBlogger263125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-42510580669709237122021-04-26T23:28:00.000+08:002021-04-26T23:28:04.820+08:00T-rex ancestor found in China<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QZn4de8d-CI/YIbbIH1lbnI/AAAAAAAA70M/4Z-uO-2SjLkKiZ2dVdofLcsARGgRPXxhgCLcBGAsYHQ/s380/c0c892c85c3f1511ca15dadc1225ac2a.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="380" height="224" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QZn4de8d-CI/YIbbIH1lbnI/AAAAAAAA70M/4Z-uO-2SjLkKiZ2dVdofLcsARGgRPXxhgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h224/c0c892c85c3f1511ca15dadc1225ac2a.webp" width="400" /></a></div><b>The earliest known forerunner of the Tyrannosaurus rex, Guanlong wucaii, has been found in China.<cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"><span class="_21SmZ _1deB8 _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16znc" data-component="Byline"><span class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV" data-component="Text"><p>AFP/Zhongda Zhang-IVPP</p></span></span></cite></b><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal">Fossil hunters in China say they have found the earliest
known forerunner of the Tyrannosaurus rex, the mighty flesh-ripping dinosaur
beloved of children and Hollywood.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Uncovered in Wucaiwan in the western province of Xinjiang,
the species has been dubbed Guanlong wucaii, "crowned dragon of the
five-coloured rocks", a reference to the tint of the earth in which it was
found.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It hails from the Late Jurassic Period, around 161 million
to 156 million years ago, according to the discoverers, led by Xu Xing of the
Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology in Beijing.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">By comparison, the T-rex lived much later, in the Late
Cretaceous era, enjoying a 20-million-year reign of terror that ended with the
extinction of the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Nose to tail, T-rex measured up to 13 metres in length,
whereas the best preserved of the two fossils unearthed in Wucaiwan suggest a
creature that was about three metres long.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Despite these differences, the "crowned dragon"
shows all the key ancestral hallmarks of the tyrannosaurids.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It shares their enlarged skull, two powerful rear feet,
stubby forelimbs that end in a powerful three-fingered hand and long,
blade-like teeth that suggests it too was a predator to be reckoned with.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But palaeontologist believe the "primitive" look
of the pelvis also suggests something else.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It supports a theory first put forward in the 1990s that the
tyrannosaurids, despite their great size, evolved from a species of swift,
small-bodied dinosaurs called coelurosaurs.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Guanlong also had a highly elaborate, fragile crest, a
"crown" that ran almost the entirely length of its long upper jaw.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This crest is "surprising," given that it would
have surely hampered the beast in its hunt for food, the palaeontologists say.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">They speculate that it was an ornament that may have been
used to lure a mate or show off status. Many vertebrate species today use these
tools, such as peacocks with their tails and elks with their antlers, even if
the device carries a cost in movement.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Xu has earned a reputation for being the world's most
successful fossil finder, unearthing extraordinary specimens that have shed
light in particular on birds, spurring the theory that modern birds are the
descendants of dinosaurs.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Most of his big finds have come from lake deposits in
Liaoning province, in the north east of China, that are between 128 and 110
million years old.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Their study is published in Nature, the British weekly
science journal.</p>
<p> </p><p><b><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"><span class="_21SmZ _1deB8 _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16znc" data-component="Byline"><span class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV" data-component="Text"></span></span></cite></b></p>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-56736714886788326132021-03-31T14:49:00.005+08:002021-03-31T14:49:27.399+08:00Carnivorous baby dinosaurs were born with teeth and 'ready to hunt', scientists find<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JJsQD0I_xl4/YGQaF2vpoyI/AAAAAAAA7x4/UCB_eRRs9ykTrw8Ld9LiyGqJSYOZs3xowCLcBGAsYHQ/s862/12219b064da8176d1d354348568f8c1d.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="862" height="225" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JJsQD0I_xl4/YGQaF2vpoyI/AAAAAAAA7x4/UCB_eRRs9ykTrw8Ld9LiyGqJSYOZs3xowCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h225/12219b064da8176d1d354348568f8c1d.webp" width="400" /></a></div><p><b>A baby tyrannosaur from the Cretaceous Period of North America, based on partial fossils unearthed in the US.<cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"> (</cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"><span class="_21SmZ _1deB8 _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16znc" data-component="Byline"><span class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV" data-component="Text">Reuters: Julius Csotonyi</span></span></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite">)</cite></b></p><p><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-naZ6RlWb5nE/YGQbKOFh5MI/AAAAAAAA7yA/hS3NQj16u8ca7zd8Obseeow_-00WTNLigCLcBGAsYHQ/s862/487574e8a82e2c16dd33c229970c8153.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="862" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-naZ6RlWb5nE/YGQbKOFh5MI/AAAAAAAA7yA/hS3NQj16u8ca7zd8Obseeow_-00WTNLigCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h266/487574e8a82e2c16dd33c229970c8153.webp" width="400" /></a></b></div><b><br /><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite><i>Silhouettes of two baby tyrannosaurs based on partial fossils unearthed
in the US state of Montana and in the Canadian province of Alberta.<cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite">(</cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"><span class="_21SmZ _1deB8 _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16znc" data-component="Byline"><span class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV" data-component="Text">Reuters: Greg Funston/University of Edinburgh</span></span></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"><span class="_21SmZ _1deB8 _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16znc" data-component="Byline"><span class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV" data-component="Text"></span></span></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite">)</cite></i></b><br /><b><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite></b><p></p><p></p><p>Scientists for the first time have found embryonic remains from a group of ferocious meat-eating dinosaurs that includes the Tyrannosaurus rex.</p><p class="_1HzXw">They found fossilised jaw and claw bones that show
these record-size babies looked a lot like adults and were "born ready"
to hunt.</p><p class="_1HzXw">The fossils, the researchers said,
represented two species from the tyrannosaurs group, the apex predators
in Asia and North America during the Cretaceous Period toward the end of
the dinosaur age.</p><p class="_1HzXw">The bones indicated these were
bigger than any other known dinosaur babies — 1 metre long, or the size
of a medium dog — and hatched from what must have been enormous eggs,
perhaps exceeding the 43-centimetres in length of the largest dinosaur
eggs currently known.</p><p class="_1HzXw">University of Edinburgh
palaeontologist Greg Funston, lead author of the research published in
the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, said the scientists were amazed
at how similar the embryonic bones were to older juvenile and adult
tyrannosaurs.</p><p class="_1HzXw">He also noted that the jaws boasted functional teeth.</p><p class="_1HzXw">"So although we can't get a complete picture, what we can see looks very similar to the adults," Mr Funston said.</p><p class="_1HzXw">He
added it appears that tyrannosaurs were "already possessing some of the
key adaptations that gave tyrannosaurs their powerful bites".</p><p class="_1HzXw">"So
it's likely that they were capable of hunting fairly quickly after
birth, but we need more fossils to tell exactly how fast that was," he
said.</p><p class="_1HzXw">The roughly 77 million-year-old jawbone,
about 3 centimetres in length, was unearthed in the US state of Montana,
and may belong to a species called Daspletosaurus.</p><p class="_1HzXw">The
roughly 72 million-year-old wedge-shaped claw came from Canada's
Alberta province and may belong to a species called Albertosaurus.</p><p class="_1HzXw">Both
are slightly smaller cousins of Tyrannosaurus rex. The largest-known
tyrannosaurs topped 12 meters-long and 8 tonnes in weight.</p><p class="_1HzXw">However, the jaw possesses distinctive tyrannosaur traits, including a deep groove inside and a prominent chin.</p><p class="_1HzXw"><strong>Reuters</strong></p><p class="_1HzXw"> </p><p> </p><p><b><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"> </cite></b><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"><span class="_21SmZ _1deB8 _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16znc" data-component="Byline"><span class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV" data-component="Text"></span></span></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite></p>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-9467536657563245132020-10-25T12:10:00.003+08:002020-10-25T12:10:26.607+08:00Winton dinosaur field reveals biggest carnivorous dinosaur ever found in Australia<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dYRfC81KzA8/X5T45CQ-jDI/AAAAAAAA7jo/mM4Py91Lc_YNpZnIrCy_QryeDjXSb6QPwCLcBGAsYHQ/s862/11867160-3x2-xlarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="862" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dYRfC81KzA8/X5T45CQ-jDI/AAAAAAAA7jo/mM4Py91Lc_YNpZnIrCy_QryeDjXSb6QPwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h266/11867160-3x2-xlarge.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><i><b>An artist's impression of Australovenator preparing to eat its prey.<cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite">(<a href="https://www.wheelers.co.nz/browse/author/275759-travis-tischler/" target="_blank">Travis Tischler</a>)</cite></b></i><p></p><p>Bones from the largest theropod dinosaur ever discovered in Australia have been uncovered in western Queensland.</p>
<div>
<div>
<h2>Key points:</h2>
<ul><li>Theropods could be up to 2 metres high and 7 metres long</li><li>The latest discovery closely resembles a species found nearby in 2006</li><li>It had large hands with what Dr White called "recurved claws"</li></ul></div>
</div>
<p>They were initially uncovered in 2017 at the now world-famous
dinosaur fossil field in Winton, but were only recently identified as
most likely belonging to the Australovenator wintonensis species,
discovered in 2006.</p>
<p>Lead researcher Dr Matt White from the University of New England said
when the bones were first uncovered "they didn't look like much at
all".</p>
<p>"We had a really good look through all of the fragments and that's
when I got quite excited because we started to find the distal elements
of bones that resembled a theropod, which are extremely rare," he said.</p>
<p>Theropods are a large group of bipedal and largely carnivorous dinosaurs, including the Velociraptor and Tyrannosaurus rex.</p>
<p>The bones cannot be definitively identified to a species, but closely
resemble an Australovenator wintonensis specimen found less than 2
kilometres away in 2006.</p>
<p>Dr White said the dinosaurs could be up to 2 metres high, between 5
to 7 metres long, and were similar in appearance to the velociraptors
depicted in the film Jurassic Park.</p>
<p>"Except the claws are on the hands, not the feet," he said.</p>
<p>"It had quite large hands, but on each hand it had two recurved claws
that were quite large … and like birds you have a horny sheath over the
top so they would have ended up round about close to 25 to 30
centimetres."</p><h2>Hunter or scavenger?</h2>
<p>Dr White said while it was hard to determine a dinosaur's hunting
behaviour based on its skeleton, Australovenator was probably some kind
of predator.</p>
<p>He said it had two claws on each hand "used for grappling prey".</p>
<p>Dr White said they may also have done some scavenging.</p>
<p>"If they've got an easy feed, they probably would have had an easy feed."</p>
<p>He said there were almost certainly many of them hunting the same prey.</p>
<p>"Given the amount of teeth we've found [it is] probably not just one feasting on a carcass, it would have been two or three."</p><p>Dr White said sauropods — long-necked, quadrupedal herbivores — were almost certainly Australovenator's main prey.</p>
<p>"Every sauropod site that we have dug in over the years, we find these isolated shed teeth," he said.</p>
<p>"We haven't really found teeth that are much bigger than Australovenator, so these things would have been the top carnivore.</p>
<p>"We just haven't found any other evidence of anything larger than these guys, Australia-wide."</p>
<h2>Did dinosaurs have feathers?</h2>
<p>Dr White said whether this group of dinosaurs had feathers was still hotly debated among members of the scientific community.</p>
<p>"There's two major groups [of theropods] — you've got your more
primitive Tetanurans where Allosaurus is, and then have your
Coelurosaurs where you have Tyrannosaurus."</p><p>He said the Tyrannosaurus was a member of the group that probably had feathers.</p>
<p>"I suspect it is within the more primitive group, but it is still heavily debated."</p>
<p>Dr White said this was one of the reasons each new dinosaur find was
important, because it brought scientists closer to answering such
questions.</p>
<p>"We can start to work out, well — did they have feathers? Which group
they sat in, and unfortunately the preservation out at Winton is not
good enough to preserve feathers."</p>
<p>The newly identified theropod bones are on display at the Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum near Winton.</p><p><i><b><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite></b></i></p><p><i><b><cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite"></cite></b></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><b><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GYnYq1O9FFs/X5T5NvBO5OI/AAAAAAAA7jw/MUYgSyHXKiEMowmBWlxKSuJZlaIwVaBIgCLcBGAsYHQ/s862/11867182-3x2-xlarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="862" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GYnYq1O9FFs/X5T5NvBO5OI/AAAAAAAA7jw/MUYgSyHXKiEMowmBWlxKSuJZlaIwVaBIgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h266/11867182-3x2-xlarge.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></i></div><i><b><br /> </b><b>Australoventors fed on larger herbivores.<cite class="_21SmZ _3_Aqg _1hGzz _1-RZJ P8HGV _16dJg" data-component="Figure__cite">(Travis Tischler)</cite></b></i><p></p>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-59247480782143107672020-05-28T22:10:00.001+08:002020-05-28T22:13:28.265+08:00Murusraptor<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H_uljCSsG7w/Xs_FwvIt3NI/AAAAAAAA7GE/jQtgAciub5sWDXyvSXXRVtzVq_qnQtatwCK4BGAsYHg/Murusraptor-barrosaensis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="650" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H_uljCSsG7w/Xs_FwvIt3NI/AAAAAAAA7GE/jQtgAciub5sWDXyvSXXRVtzVq_qnQtatwCK4BGAsYHg/w400-h266/Murusraptor-barrosaensis.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>By Gemma Tarlach</b></div>
<br />
Sexy Beast of the Week: Murusraptor barrosaensis, the newest member of the megaraptor gang. The Patagonian predator of 80 million years ago was larger but had a more fine-boned build than other megaraptorids. Credit: Jan Sovak. Want to find some awesome dinosaur species new to science? Head south. South America is clearly the place to be these days, with Patagonian predator Murusraptor barrosaensis the latest intriguingly odd animal to stomp onto the paleoscene. Like fellow Argentine Gualicho shinyae, announced last week, Murusraptor is known from the partial skeleton of a single specimen. And while Gualicho made headlines for its shorty-short forelimbs, Murusraptor is like those models in perfume ads: a leggy mystery that's got people intrigued.<br />
<br />
Murusraptor is a large, slender megaraptorid. You may read "raptor" and think oh, velociraptor*, bitey bitey, clever girl, but, while megaraptorids did have big ol' claws, they're not closely related to the stars of the Jurassic Park movies. (*Yes, I know Hollywood's idea of a velociraptor is, shall we say, just a bit outsized when compared with the fossil record, but let's not have that discussion right here and right now, 'k?) Megaraptorids were a group of carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous that, in addition to those claws, had some sweet pneumatization action going on. A number of their bones were essentially hollow, or at least partly so, full of air pockets. Murusaptor is notably, shall we say, aerated. It's a trait also seen in most modern birds and some other dinosaurs, particularly those most closely related to birds. (Don't feel too left out, puny human: those sinus cavities of yours, currently all stuffed up from summer allergies, are another example of pneumatization.) Airy bones are one reason paleontologists have found it challenging to determine where megaraptorids sit in the family tree of theropods, a diverse bunch of mostly carnivorous, bipedal dinosaurs spanning more than 230 million years, from the earliest dinos to that chicken you're eating for dinner. Within Theropoda, the megaraptorids have variously been classified as allosaurid, coelurosaurid and, more specifically within the coelurosaurs, as tyrannosaurids. Without getting too deep into the -id of it all, megaraptors are all over the map in terms of how they might be related to other dinosaurs. More on that in a bit. Murusraptor presented additional opportunities for head-scratching. Even the authors of the first paper on the animal, published today in the open-access journal PLOS One, weren't sure what they'd dug up.<br />
<br />
Co-author Philip Currie of the University of Alberta, one of the world's leading paleontologists, admits Murusraptor initially had him stumped. Sending a quick email as he headed back into the field, Currie shared the team's process of figuring out what they had on their hands: "The animal completely puzzled us when we found it because it is an animal as large as a tyrannosaur like Albertosaurus [about 30 feet long], but was as pneumatic as an oviraptorosaur [a very bird-like bunch of dinos]...." Currie went on to explain that the dinosaur had other traits that might have placed it as a primitive, or basal, maniraptor (the line which eventually led to birds) or even a spinosaurid, a particularly whacky group of crocodilian-skulled dinosaurs that includes the largest predatory dinosaur ever known.<br />
<br />
The fossilized bones of Murusraptor found by the team and shown here in white include much of the rear cranium. The braincase in particular is well-preserved and allowed researchers to determine the animal was not fully mature at time of death. Credit: Coria et al (2016) Only after all the fossils of the specimen — unearthed more than a decade ago — were prepped and analyzed did the team feel comfortable assigning Murusraptor to the megaraptor group. Currie and lead author Rodolfo Coria, another megafigure in paleontology, used the new data gleaned from analyzing Murusraptor to see if it would help them answer, once and for all, where on the family tree megaraptorids belonged. Spoiler alert: it didn't. When they compared specific traits of megaraptorids, including Murusraptor, with those of other dinosaurs, slight tweaks to the modeling process yielded two very different results. In other words, the jury is still out on whether these animals are allosaurids or tyrannosaurids.<br />
<br />
While we're still not sure where Murusraptor and the other megaraptorids fit in the dinosaur evolution story, this specimen is exciting because it includes a fair chunk of the cranium. In particular, the braincase is beautifully preserved. In fact, it was in such great shape that the team was able to see signs of infection on the left side of the skull — no word on whether the boo-boo was responsible for the animal's death, however. Believed to be just over 21 feet long, the Murusraptor specimen was a juvenile — researchers were able to determine that because the bones of the rear skull, while knitted together as in adults, still showed their seams. That's a tip-off that the animal had not yet reached full maturity. Look for more news about that gorgeous braincase soon. For now, initial analysis of the cranium suggests Murusraptor may have had a crest on the top of its head. Show-off.<br />
<br />
Murusraptor and last week's dino-breakout Gualicho were found in the same large basin in west-central Argentina, an area centered around the small city of Plaza Huincul. The animals were separated by millions of years, however: Murusraptor is about 80 million years old, while Gualicho is 10-14 million years older. The animals also represent different branches of the theropod family tree. They're just the latest pair of predators to emerge from the neighborhood, in addition to a number of other dinosaurs and other extinct animals discovered there. "Off the top of my head I would guess that the sites are within a hundred kilometers of each other," notes Currie. "This area (about 200 km radius around Plaza Huincul) is definitely the hot spot for dinosaurs in South America."<br />
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H_uljCSsG7w/Xs_FwvIt3NI/AAAAAAAA7GE/jQtgAciub5sWDXyvSXXRVtzVq_qnQtatwCK4BGAsYHg/Murusraptor-barrosaensis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-38496284395452838672020-05-01T20:12:00.000+08:002020-05-01T20:12:47.847+08:00New dinosaur fossil pushes evolution of gigantism in sauropods back 30 million years<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wE-RB9VKQgU/XqwQ0u1w3dI/AAAAAAAA7BI/hUPmL0lB0JQDnuId6973F_Qx4a5Vfd0rACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/9950554-3x2-xlarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="862" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wE-RB9VKQgU/XqwQ0u1w3dI/AAAAAAAA7BI/hUPmL0lB0JQDnuId6973F_Qx4a5Vfd0rACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/9950554-3x2-xlarge.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<b><i>A new dinosaur called Ingentia prima appeared to have
a air sacs in its neck, shown in this artist's impression in green, and walked
on flexed feet. (Supplied: Jorge A. González)</i></b></div>
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<b>ABC Science By science reporter Belinda Smith</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Think of a plant-eating dinosaur, and chances are you
picture something along the lines of a brachiosaurus.</div>
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<br /></div>
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These iconic giants belonged to a group of dinosaurs called
sauropods — massive creatures with thick, column-like legs and a long neck and
tail.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now, the discovery of a new dinosaur species suggests
gigantism in sauropods evolved about 30 million years earlier than previously
thought.</div>
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The newly uncovered bones, belonging to a plant-eater dubbed
Ingentia prima, also suggest that there were a couple of different ways these
giant dinosaurs evolved.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The fossil find was unveiled in Nature Ecology and Evolution
today by an Argentinian crew led by National University of San Juan
palaeontologist Cecilia Apaldetti.</div>
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"Now we are rethinking the evolution of giant size in
dinosaurs," Dr Apaldetti said.</div>
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Most palaeontologists think sauropod dinosaurs first
appeared on the scene in the early Jurassic period, starting with the 11-metre
Vulcanodon about 180 million years ago.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The discovery of the Ingentia prima — a dinosaur that
existed about 205 million years ago and was about 8-10 metres long — has
challenged this idea.</div>
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<br /></div>
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But whether the new dinosaur walked on two legs or four, and
was a sauropod at all, is up for debate.</div>
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The story of Ingentia prima starts with a cattle farmer in
northern Argentina.</div>
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"He [told the local museum], 'I have seen bones inside
rocks but they don't seem to be from cows'," Dr Apaldetti said.</div>
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<br /></div>
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When she and her colleagues went to check them out, they
found a rich trove of fossils dating back to the Triassic and Jurassic periods,
or 190 million to 210 million years ago.</div>
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Today, the region is dry and scrubby. But back when the
fossilised specimens were living, breathing animals, it was part of the
supercontinent Pangaea.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Being near the equator, the climate was warm with periodic
rains, Dr Apaldetti said: "Something similar to a current savannah,
probably with a large amount of shrubs to satisfy the great herbivores of that
time."</div>
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Among the fossilised remains, in 2015 they found a new
dinosaur species — Ingentia prima — alongside other, previously known relatives
called Lessemsaurus sauropoides.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Weighing in at an estimated 7–10 tonnes, both dinosaurs
sported a long neck and tail, as well as air sacs in their body, like later
sauropods did.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nKZ9wjeDT6c/XqwREmFFFWI/AAAAAAAA7BQ/vYIU0wdJ7nQQUJmBCJ-baCJQFt4PmQ4KwCEwYBhgL/s1600/9950624-16x9-xlarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="862" height="225" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nKZ9wjeDT6c/XqwREmFFFWI/AAAAAAAA7BQ/vYIU0wdJ7nQQUJmBCJ-baCJQFt4PmQ4KwCEwYBhgL/s400/9950624-16x9-xlarge.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><i>Ingentia prima, a new dinosaur species discovered in
Argentina, was about 8 to 10 metres long.(Supplied: Jorge A González)</i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Air sacs are thought to help keep the massive beasts cool.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But unlike their more recent four-legged counterparts, which
stood on straight tree-trunk-like legs, Ingentia prima seemed to stand on
flexed feet.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Their bones also showed signs of seasonal growth, also
different to how palaeontologists think later sauropods grew.</div>
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Dinosaurs like brachiosaurus, Dr Apaldetti said, probably
grew at a fairly rapid but consistent rate.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Ingentia prima's bones show it grew even faster at times,
but slowed at others.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"With this discovery we can see that the first steps
toward gigantism occurred 30 million years before the giants dominated
practically the entire planet," Dr Apaldetti said.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"It [also] shows that there were other ways to be
giant, and not necessarily implied the same anatomical changes that all other
giants such as the titanosaurs required."</div>
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Four legs or two?</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But Steve Salisbury, a palaeontologist at the University of
Queensland who was not involved with the study, isn't convinced that Ingentia
prima was a sauropod.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Rather than walking on four legs, he suspects they probably
walked on two.</div>
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Scientists are hopeful the discovery of a fossilised
dinosaur skeleton in outback Queensland will shed light on what was on the menu
around 95 million years ago.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"Dinosaurs similar to Ingentia prima are typically
referred to as 'basal sauropodomorphs', meaning they are on the side of the
dinosaurian family tree that includes sauropods, but they are not there quite
yet," he said.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"Most basal sauropodomorphs are thought to have walked
on their hind legs like their meat-eating cousins, the theropods, but had a
long neck and ate plants, like their descendants, the sauropods."</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The new fossil haul was missing a few vital bones, such as
Ingentia prima's hip, thigh bone and most of the lower leg.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Without them, Dr Salisbury said, it's hard to gauge the
animal's posture.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And based on the few bones reported in the paper,
"Ingentia prima's hand doesn't look ideal for putting on the ground,"
he added.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"They don't have a lot of the skeleton and, overall,
the bits that are there don't look all that different from other basal
sauropodomorphs."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So Ingentia might have been able to get on all fours, but
probably spent most of its time on two legs — a little like another basal sauropodomorph
that lived about 210 million years ago called Plateosaurus engelhardti, which
is known from much more complete material.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"Although Ingentia prima looks like it was large for a
basal sauropodomorph, unfortunately, they just don't have enough in this paper
to make it appear too different to something like Plateosaurus engelhardti, and
it's pretty much agreed that it was bipedal," he said.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"If that's the case, the transition to four-legged
locomotion must have happened later."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/JC3aCs5f4-I/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JC3aCs5f4-I?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-91019315808633782582020-04-30T19:43:00.003+08:002020-04-30T19:43:47.872+08:00African Dinosaur Spinosaurus<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hy3ZjypVmn8/Xqq5h1bH6QI/AAAAAAAA7Ao/ZHBzejBAg0IDXZCWggj268_6c208-MuowCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/image_2146-spinosaurus-aegyptiacus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="580" height="297" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hy3ZjypVmn8/Xqq5h1bH6QI/AAAAAAAA7Ao/ZHBzejBAg0IDXZCWggj268_6c208-MuowCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/image_2146-spinosaurus-aegyptiacus.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b5eV7WqUHhQ/Xqq5laNdlUI/AAAAAAAA7As/47qo8Uj8x_w5-Zq9ZHgmPg4YYWx--lrEwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Spinosaurus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="615" height="265" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b5eV7WqUHhQ/Xqq5laNdlUI/AAAAAAAA7As/47qo8Uj8x_w5-Zq9ZHgmPg4YYWx--lrEwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Spinosaurus.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ecARxYOx3mc/Xqq5o3SQlSI/AAAAAAAA7Aw/x6yGz670zLURKdUc_e2BARkAAlzbFpZjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/12202774-3x2-xlarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="862" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ecARxYOx3mc/Xqq5o3SQlSI/AAAAAAAA7Aw/x6yGz670zLURKdUc_e2BARkAAlzbFpZjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/12202774-3x2-xlarge.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Fossil
discovery proves massive African dinosaur Spinosaurus was actually a
semi-aquatic 'river monster'</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Newly discovered bones from the huge African predator Spinosaurus prove it could swim, scientists say, and that the existence of this "river monster" shows some non-bird dinosaurs invaded the aquatic realm.<br /><br />Scientists this week announced the discovery of fossil bones from the tail of Spinosaurus ("spine lizard"), found in south-east Morocco, which they said provided a deeper understanding of the appearance, lifestyle and capabilities of the longest meat-eating dinosaur on record.<br /><br />"Spinosaurus had a highly specialised tail — a propulsive structure that would have allowed this river monster to actively pursue prey in the water column," University of Detroit Mercy palaeontologist and anatomist Nizar Ibrahim, lead author of the study published in the journal Nature, said.<br /><br />Spinosaurus, which lived 95 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period, was a highly unusual dinosaur and not just because of its staggering dimensions of up to 15 meters long and more than 6,000 kilograms.<br /><br />The anatomy of Spinosaurus had remained mysterious for decades after crucial fossils were destroyed during World War II, until the 2008 discovery of the Morocco skeleton. Extraction of these additional tail bones has been ongoing since 2015.<br /><br />Its tail was flexible, with a large surface area thanks to a series of tall neural spines — different from the stiff and tapering tails of other carnivorous dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus rex — indicating Spinosaurus and its close relatives engaged in tail-propelled locomotion unlike any other dinosaurs.<br /><br />Laboratory experiments in which a plastic model of the Spinosaurus tail was attached to a robotic swimming device showed that the tail could move laterally to create thrust and power the animal through water like a crocodile, according to Harvard University fish biologist and biomechanist George Lauder, a study co-author.<br /><br />This indicates Spinosaurus terrorised rivers and river banks as a semi-aquatic animal, not merely wading into the water waiting for fish to swim by. It may have eaten huge fish, including sharks.<br /><br />"This discovery overturns decades-old ideas that non-bird dinosaurs were restricted to terrestrial environments," Harvard University vertebrate palaeontologist and biomechanist Stephanie Pierce, another study co-author, said.<br /><br /> "So, yes, we believe that this discovery does indeed revolutionise our understanding of dinosaur biology."<br /><br />Spinosaurus still was able to move on land and lay eggs there, perhaps walking on four legs rather than two like other meat-eating dinosaurs.<br /><br />"But it had so many adaptations to an aquatic existence — nostrils high on the skull and further back from the tip, flat-bottomed toe bones and claws, dense and thickened bone for buoyancy control, and this newly discovered tail form — that it would have been at least as aquatic as Nile Crocodiles," University of Portsmouth palaeontologist and study co-author David Martill said.<br /><br />Ms Pierce said it "just might topple T-rex as the most famous and exciting meat-eating dinosaur".</span><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-3128935227125952022019-11-27T22:18:00.002+08:002019-11-27T22:18:26.536+08:00Zombie Dragon<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--aphos_gHGo/Xd6ExYYMCXI/AAAAAAAA6hI/YeehfoDRx1MCstQDmjh9WFXVN-J5rb5OQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/0KVJKnr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="900" height="353" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--aphos_gHGo/Xd6ExYYMCXI/AAAAAAAA6hI/YeehfoDRx1MCstQDmjh9WFXVN-J5rb5OQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/0KVJKnr.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><i>"I thought there were few pleasures left in the
world that I had not already experienced, certainly none that were worth
expending any effort towards. I must confess, though, to the great thrill I
felt when I first bound Agorak the Silent to my will. As delicious as it was,
it paled in comparison to the joy I felt when I finally had the opportunity to
unleash him on my enemies. Nothing quite like a Dragon to put fear into the hearts
of Men. So much better if he's Undead!"</i></b></div>
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—<b>Constatin von Carstein, Vampire Lord.</b></div>
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<b> </b> </div>
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Zombie Dragons are the reanimated corpses of long-dead
Dragons that were raised from their resting place within the Plain of Bones by
the use of powerful Dark Magic.</div>
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<br /></div>
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he Plain of Bones is a harsh and lifeless landscape of
multicoloured sand and tainted rock located to the east of the Worlds Edge
Mountains, from which protrude huge rib cages of ancient primeval Dragons. This
is the place where Dragons of ancient times once came to die, to rest their
bones amongst those of their ancestors as they had done for millions of years,
before any other sentient beings walked the world.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Here lies the bones of the great ancestral Dragons: skulls
the size of castle towers lie mingled with leg bones larger than the mast of an
Imperial warship. These bones date from the ancients days of the draconic race.
Though today's Dragons are of a lesser breed, they are still incomparably
mightier than other races of the world. However, following the arrival of
Chaos, the Plain of Bones has since become saturated with large amounts of Dark
Magic. This magic eventually contaminated the remains of these Dragons, forcing
them to rise once more as the first Zombie Dragons.</div>
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Ever since then, Vampires and powerful Necromancers of all
kinds have been known to take a pilgrimage to this ancient landscape where they
pick through one amongst many Dragon remains. Once he finds a suitable corpse,
the Vampire or Necromancer who use the excess Dark Magic that contaminates the
land to resurrect the Dragon back to life as his eternal combat mount. These
once majestic creatures stagger upright once more with a great despairing roar
before stooping to allow their new master to ride atop their powerful
shoulders.</div>
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Animated by Dark Magic, a Zombie Dragon is borne aloft by
great tattered wings, its body covered with thick, withered hide. Though in
life it once breathed fire capable of melting steel, a Zombie Dragon can only
belch forth a cloud of pestilent gas which strips flesh from bones and corrodes
armour. A Zombie Dragon's claws and sword-like teeth remain as deadly as they
ever were, and is still capable of ripping an armoured knight in half and
swallowing his warhorse in one motion. When such a monster is used as a steed
by a powerful Vampire Lord, even the greatest heroes quail before the raw might
of undeath, for the combined might of Vampire and his Undead Dragon is enough
to break the back of any army sent against them. Wreathed in a fog of rot and
surrounded by swarms of blood-hungry flies, a Zombie Dragon can turn the tide
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/V_xnNtu3Wa8/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/V_xnNtu3Wa8?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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<br /></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-46620728282291919432019-11-27T22:08:00.000+08:002019-11-27T22:08:10.798+08:00Terrorgheist<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/WQ64xCMV76I/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WQ64xCMV76I?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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<b><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"I have
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less than the screams of the damned, channelled directly from the Realm of
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Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-89376132664143198432019-11-27T21:57:00.000+08:002019-11-27T21:57:09.424+08:00The Tarrasque<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EF7CkJMWlp0/Xd5__Zdgd7I/AAAAAAAA6g8/G_TkbmoSX10skVkib90R_LApfP-SMfbQACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Tarrasque.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="828" data-original-width="640" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EF7CkJMWlp0/Xd5__Zdgd7I/AAAAAAAA6g8/G_TkbmoSX10skVkib90R_LApfP-SMfbQACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Tarrasque.jpg" width="308" /></a></div>
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The legendary tarrasque is possibly the most dreaded monster
of the Material Plane. It is widely believed that only one of these creatures
exists, though no one can predict where and when it will strike. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A scaly biped, the tarrasque is fifty feet tall and seventy
feet long, weighing hundreds of tons. It carries itself like a bird of prey,
leaning forward and using its powerful lashing tail for balance. Its cavernous
maw yawns wide enough to swallow all but the largest creatures, and so great is
its hunger that it can devour the populations of whole towns.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Legendary Destruction. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The destructive potential of the tarrasque is so vast that
some cultures incorporate the monster into religious doctrine, weaving its
sporadic appearance into stories of divine judgment and wrath. Legends tell how
the tarrasque slumbers in its secret lair beneath the earth, remaining in a
dormant state for decades or centuries. When it awakens in answer to some
inscrutable cosmic call, it rises from the depths to obliterate everything in
its path.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Damage Immunities</b> fire, poison; bludgeoning,
piercing, and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
slashing from non magical weapons </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Condition Immunities</b> charmed, frightened, paralyzed,
poisoned</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Magical Resistance</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Legendary Resistance. If the tarrasque fails a saving throw,
it can choose to succeed instead. Magic Resistance. The tarrasque has advantage
on saving throws against spells and other magical effects. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Reflective Carapace. </b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Any time the tarrasque is targeted by a magic missile spell,
a line spell, or a spell that requires a ranged attack. Sometimes the tarrasque
is unaffected. On a 6, the tarrasque is unaffected, and the effect is reflected
back at the caster as though it originated from the tarrasque, turning the
caster into the target.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Claw.</b> Melee Weapon Attack: one target. Hit: slashing
damage. <b>Horns.</b> Melee Weapon Attack: reach 10ft., one target. Hit: piercing
damage. <b>Tail.</b> Melee Weapon Attack: reach 20ft., one target. Hit: bludgeoning
damage. If the target is a creature, it must keep its balance or be knocked
prone.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Multiattack. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The tarrasque can use its Frightful Presence. It then makes
five attacks: one with its bite, two with its claws, one with its horns, and
one with its tail. It can use its Swallow instead of its bite.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Bite. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Melee Weapon Attack: one target. Hit piercing damage. If the
target is a creature, it is grappled. Until this grapple ends, the target is
restrained, and the tarrasque can't bite another target.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Siege Monster. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The tarrasque deals huge damage to objects and structures.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Frightful Presence.</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Each creature of the tarrasque's choice within 120 feet of
it and aware of it must succeed in resisting its presence or become frightened
for 1 minute. A creature can try to resist, with disadvantage if the tarrasque
is within line of sight, ending the effect on itself on a success. If a
creature is successful or the effect ends for it, the creature is immune to the
tarrasque's Frightful Presence for the next 24 hours. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Swallow.</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The tarrasque makes one bite attack against a Large or
smaller creature it is grappling. If the attack hits, the target takes the
bite's damage, the target is swallowed, and the grapple ends. While swallowed,
the creature is blinded and restrained, it has total cover against attacks and
other effects outside the tarrasque, and it takes acid damage. If the tarrasque
takes a large strike or more from a creature inside it, the tarrasque must try
to hold it in or regurgitate all swallowed creatures, which fall prone in a
space within 10 feet of the tarrasque. If the tarrasque dies, a swallowed
creature is no longer restrained by it and can escape from the corpse by using
30 feet of movement, exiting prone.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>LEGENDARY ACTIONS</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The tarrasque can take 3 legendary actions, choosing from
the options below. Only one legendary action option can be used at a time. The
tarrasque regains spent legendary actions after some time. <b>Attack.</b> The
tarrasque makes one claw attack or tail attack. <b>Move</b>. The tarrasque
moves up to half its speed. <b>Chomp </b>(Costs 2 Actions). The tarrasque makes
one bite attack or uses its Swallow.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-50556173490290460952019-10-17T11:50:00.000+08:002020-05-01T20:15:54.185+08:00Huge dinosaurs evolved different cooling strategies to prevent their brains overheating<br />
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<br />
<i><b>It must be hard keeping cool when you're the size of a semitrailer – imagine finding some shade or a hat big enough.</b></i><br />
<br />
So how did sauropod dinosaurs prevent heat stroke back in the late Jurassic, and keep their brains from overheating?<br />
<br />
New research, published today in the journal The Anatomical Record, suggests that gigantic dinosaurs, including the Tyrannosaurus rex, evolved systems to cool their blood on its way to their brains.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
But, in what was a surprise to the researchers, many of these dinosaur groups came up with slightly different ways to do so.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
It's getting hot in here</div>
<br />
There's long been a debate about whether dinosaurs were cold-blooded like reptiles (ectotherms) or warm-blooded like bird and mammals (endotherms), said study co-author and palaeontologist Larry Witmer of Ohio University.<br />
<br />
But if you're gigantic, this becomes a bit of a moot point when it comes to overheating.<br />
<br />
"One thing that became obvious to us was that regardless of their physiology, huge dinosaurs were going to be hot, they couldn't help it," Professor Witmer said.<br />
<br />
"They had really enormous volumes but relatively low surface areas, which means once they heated up, it would be hard for them to cool down in the absence of special mechanisms."<br />
<br />
That posed a problem, because their brains (like ours), eyes and other sense organs were very sensitive to temperature.<br />
<br />
If they got too hot, basic functions the brainstem controls, such as blood pressure and heart rate, would become compromised, Professor Witmer said.<br />
<br />
A bad case of heat stroke could potentially be fatal.<br />
<br />
The kicker was hot blood heated up in their body's core was being pumped to their brain.<br />
<br />
For sauropods it wasn't only the warm climate in which they lived that was to blame.<br />
<br />
"Not only were they baking in the sun, but the huge fermentation vat of their gastrointestinal tract was also generating significant heat," Professor Witmer said.<br />
<br />
The solutions that these huge dinosaurs evolved were all based on the principle of evaporative cooling, which is the way we keep ourselves cool.<br />
<br />
"Sweat emerges as a liquid onto the hot surface of our skin, and the heat causes the liquid to turn into a vapour (that is, the sweat evaporates)," Professor Witmer said.<br />
<br />
The evaporating sweat takes the heat energy with it, leaving the surface cooler.<br />
<br />
"This same process works in the nose and mouth of a person or a dog or a dinosaur – wherever there's moisture," he said.<br />
<br />
"When the surface you're cooling happens to be richly supplied with blood, that blood will also be cooled.<br />
<br />
"What we were able to show was that a lot of that cooled blood went back to the region of the brain."<br />
<br />
By first looking at modern-day birds and reptiles, the researchers were able to trace patterns of blood flow from these cooling sites to the brain.<br />
<br />
"The handy thing about blood vessels is that they basically write their presence into the bones," said palaeontologist and lead author of the study Ruger Porter of Ohio University.<br />
<br />
"The bony canals and grooves that we see in modern-day birds and reptiles are our link to the dinosaur fossils," Dr Porter said.<br />
<br />
By looking for similar canals and grooves in dinosaur skulls the scientists were able to reconstruct their blood flow patterns.<br />
<br />
The idea behind the paper is a good one, said Roger Seymour, Emeritus Professor of Physiology at the University of Adelaide, who was not involved in the study.<br />
<br />
Professor Seymour said as far as he knows, he was the first person to look at skeletal material to see if they showed anything about the circulatory system.<br />
<br />
"For animals that have gone extinct all we have to guide us in the circulatory system are bones," he said.<br />
<br />
"You can judge the size of the openings in the skull as they've done and make inferences about how much blood went through."<br />
<br />
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<br />
Infographic of a diplodocus head showing blood vessels in the nose and mouth that it used to cool its brain<br />
<br />
Sauropods may have walked around with their mouths open to help keep their brains cool.<br />
<br />
What the research team found was multiple ways the huge dinosaurs had evolved of keeping a cool head.<br />
<br />
Ankylosaurs had increased blood flow to their nose, beyond what was needed to provide nutrition to their tissues, turning this into a cooling region.<br />
<br />
Whereas sauropods had increased blood flow to both their nose and mouth.<br />
<br />
"Sauropods almost certainly didn't pant like dogs," Professor Witmer said.<br />
<br />
"But we're suggesting our evidence shows that they may have routinely walked around with their mouths open when they were overheated."<br />
<br />
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<br />
Computer generation graphic illustrating the different sinuses of therapod dinosaurs and how that contributed to cooling<br />
<br />
Theropod like T-rex used their jaw like an old-fashioned bellows pump to cool their blood on its way to their brain.<br />
<br />
Theropods, like T-rex, were different again.<br />
<br />
Instead of increasing the blood flow to their nose or mouth or eyes, they increased the blood supply to an enlarged air sinus off to the side of their nasal cavity in their snouts.<br />
<br />
We have similar air sinuses, Professor Witmer said, that get clogged when we have a cold.<br />
<br />
"What makes theropods – including living theropods (birds) – different from us is that the air was pumped in and out of the sinus, like an old-fashioned bellows pump, by jaw movements," he said.<br />
<br />
And that airflow set up a good evaporative cooling system.<br />
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<br />
The research is interesting because it's finally given us quite a bit of quantitative data on how huge dinosaurs deal with overheating and the risks it poses to their brains, said palaeobiology PhD student Douglass Rovinsky who was not involved in the study.<br />
<br />
"At a certain point you get so big that mathematically you shouldn't be alive," Mr Rovinsky of Monash University said.<br />
<br />
"This shows that they changed the arrangement of their blood vessels to keep from cooking alive."<br />
<br />
Mr Rovinsky said it would be interesting to see if this study prompts bird researchers to understand how they cope with heat better too.<br />
<br />
The researchers are now keen to expand their analysis to other groups of dinosaurs, including one closer to home, Muttaburrasaurus.<br />
<br />
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</div>
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</div>
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<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qGdslcBmLz8/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qGdslcBmLz8?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/IzQn1XFs43Y/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IzQn1XFs43Y?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-15070003664966841512019-01-25T20:46:00.000+08:002019-01-25T20:46:03.652+08:00Exploring Mythology: Dragons<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-Gkh7WgPAc8" width="560"></iframe>
<br />
<i><b><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn">Famous prototypical dragons include the
mušḫuššu of ancient Mesopotamia, Apep in Egyptian mythology, Vṛtra in
the Rigveda, the Leviathan in the Hebrew Bible, Python, Ladon, Wyvern,
and the Lernaean Hydra in Greek mythology, Jörmungandr, Níðhöggr, and Fafnir in Norse mythology, and the dragon from Beowulf.</span></b></i><br />
<br />
<span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"><b><i><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn">They traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious
powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, typhoons, and
floods. The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck
for people who are worthy of it in East Asian culture.</span></i></b></span><br />
<br />
<span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"><b><i><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"></span></i></b></span><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"><b><i><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn">Ancient people may have discovered dinosaur
fossils and understandably misinterpreted them as the remains of
dragons. Chang Qu, a <b>Chinese</b> historian from the 4th century B.C., mislabeled such a fossil in what is now Sichuan Province.</span></span></i></b> </span><br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-44075743182521906772018-07-11T14:51:00.003+08:002018-07-11T14:51:52.627+08:00Storm dragon<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXEbz9E_zkN2uOh9bkwQwcRSW2yw0uDxt-k7bvDUURdDUPt8HF7kihaAJheHOWtIqfEe77qXIuvGFW2v44qUr7W4f6JmLv-10Bf2x7uYs2xvH4D8bQClHSySfKNXgVc8K5lfsncx9diBT0/s1600/Storm-Dragon-Concept-Art-AntiMatter-Games.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="960" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXEbz9E_zkN2uOh9bkwQwcRSW2yw0uDxt-k7bvDUURdDUPt8HF7kihaAJheHOWtIqfEe77qXIuvGFW2v44qUr7W4f6JmLv-10Bf2x7uYs2xvH4D8bQClHSySfKNXgVc8K5lfsncx9diBT0/s400/Storm-Dragon-Concept-Art-AntiMatter-Games.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
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<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Storm dragons (or storm wyrms) are dragonkin native to
Skywall. Harnessing the elemental powers of the storm, these majestic beasts
crackle like lightning and roar like thunder.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-L99jPKj4CGI/W0Wo3o7Y-xI/AAAAAAAA4iU/a0DTqFpCLksuanfEJQAZhoHMftA45usvgCLcBGAs/s1600/265525_tsn_storm-dragon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1021" data-original-width="783" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-L99jPKj4CGI/W0Wo3o7Y-xI/AAAAAAAA4iU/a0DTqFpCLksuanfEJQAZhoHMftA45usvgCLcBGAs/s400/265525_tsn_storm-dragon.jpg" width="306" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The mighty storm dragons are mysterious creatures that
inhabit Skywall, the portion of the Elemental Plane that serves as the domain
of air elementals. Their origin is unknown, as before the Shattering no one had
seen them (or lived long enough to tell the story). Their draconic appearance
however may not indicate their true nature. It appears they are quite tightly
connected to the element of air, and serve Al'Akir, mostly found in Vortex
Pinnacle. They also seem to be non-sentinent beings, as none of them so far can
be seen using any kind of language, neither draconic nor kalimag, not even
Auran. This may mean that they are in fact elementals similar to the phoenixes
from the Firelands.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hIOjoQRZySQ/W0Wo9wRXNfI/AAAAAAAA4ic/QpCKHhNphkIpORIlrWn740TY1bqi3hIiACLcBGAs/s1600/441.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="500" height="241" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hIOjoQRZySQ/W0Wo9wRXNfI/AAAAAAAA4ic/QpCKHhNphkIpORIlrWn740TY1bqi3hIiACLcBGAs/s320/441.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Brann Bronzebeard recently uncovered evidence, corroborated
by reports from adventurers in Deepholm, that proto-dragons and dragons may
have origins in these — and other — elemental drakes. The inhabitants of
Deepholm, the Skywall, the Firelands, and the Abyssal Maw are less than
talkative on these matters, however, and most of them were not around when the
elemental prisons were created.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-67042684218697064642018-07-11T14:31:00.000+08:002018-07-11T14:31:04.498+08:00De-extinction: If we can save the white rhino, can we bring back the T-rex?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eat_sPdT6Xg/W0WjNvw_IMI/AAAAAAAA4h8/oaGjkfN0Gpc_wQLJdPoq4i93F22lKvJRACLcBGAs/s1600/9891282-3x2-700x467.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="467" data-original-width="700" height="266" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eat_sPdT6Xg/W0WjNvw_IMI/AAAAAAAA4h8/oaGjkfN0Gpc_wQLJdPoq4i93F22lKvJRACLcBGAs/s400/9891282-3x2-700x467.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="first">
News that scientists have created hybrid white rhino
embryos has given new hope to those who feared the northern white rhino
was doomed to extinction.</div>
<div class="first">
<br /></div>
But could scientists bring back other, longer-extinct species — and if so, should they?<br />
<br />
The work to save the <a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-07-05/hybrid-ivf-embryos-attempt-to-save-northern-white-rhinos/9935274" target="_self" title="">northern white rhino uses IVF technology</a>, but that method is unlikely to work on an animal that has been extinct for thousands of years.<br />
<br />
Swedish
science journalist Torill Kornfeldt travelled the world researching
"de-extinction" science for her book The Re-Origin Of Species.<br />
<br />
She
says Jurassic Park showed what the process is supposed to look like:
scientists find an ancient mosquito trapped in amber, draw dinosaur
blood from the perfectly preserved specimen, then use that DNA to clone
the extinct reptile.<br />
<br />
Except researchers have tried this and it doesn't work.<br />
<br />
"They
don't find any dinosaur DNA, they don't find any mosquito DNA either,"
says Kornfeldt, explaining that even well-preserved DNA degrades over
time.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-12gcZitgtGI/W0WjhdF2_CI/AAAAAAAA4iE/dk3IdMKAEXARnd_Q8waqt9VAv-5-5kMowCLcBGAs/s1600/9944838-3x2-700x467.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="467" data-original-width="700" height="266" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-12gcZitgtGI/W0WjhdF2_CI/AAAAAAAA4iE/dk3IdMKAEXARnd_Q8waqt9VAv-5-5kMowCLcBGAs/s400/9944838-3x2-700x467.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<h2>
A mammoth task</h2>
So dinosaurs are probably out (as are
Jurassic-era mosquitos) but what about something that died out a little
more recently, like the woolly mammoth?<br />
<br />
"The woolly mammoth is tricky," Kornfeldt says, predicting we could see a live mammoth in "either 15 years, or never".<br />
<br />
"That research is still depending on a few scientific breakthroughs that haven't happened yet — but still might."<br />
<br />
Even if those breakthroughs happen, the creature the scientists create won't be a cloned mammoth.<br />
<br />
Cloning is only possible where there are tissue samples from a live animal, or "very recently dead" one.<br />
<br />
Woolly mammoths have been extinct for thousands of years, so while there's still DNA in them, "it's really degraded".<br />
<br />
Scientists can piece that DNA together in a computer by comparing it to a living relative, such as the Asian elephant.<br />
<br />
"Kind
of like looking at the lid when you do a jigsaw puzzle, you look at all
the pieces and see where they're supposed to go," Kornfeldt says.<br />
<br />
<br />
The next step is to identify the genetic differences between the
elephant and the mammoth — genes that govern the animal's fur, for
example — and then tweak the elephant's genes to make it more like a
mammoth.<br />
"You're basically mammothifying an elephant," Kornfeldt says.<br />
<h2>
Home sweet home</h2>
Once you have a herd of woolly mammoths, the next problem is where to put them.<br />
<br />
Kornfeldt travelled to Siberia, where researchers are attempting to recreate a woolly-mammoth era habitat.<br />
<br />
"This was a very rich ecosystem — in some ways it was comparable to the African savanna," she says.<br />
<br />
"There
were loads of animals on this grassland, and then when the Ice Age
ended — and when humans came in — this ecosystem changed.<br />
<br />
"A lot of animals, including the mammoth, disappeared ... and the grassland was replaced by forest," Kornfeldt says.<br />
<br />
<br />
Without access to a live woolly mammoth, the researchers have wheeled in an unlikely substitute.<br />
"They have this old, Soviet-era tank that they drive around and knock down trees with," Kornfeldt says.<br />
"One of the functions of a mammoth, same as elephants, is to knock down trees so the grass has somewhere to go."<br />
<h2>
A genetic moonshot</h2>
Even if creating a woolly-mammoth-like creature were a possibility, why would we bother?<br />
<br />
In
selling the USA's original 1969 moonshot to the public, John F Kennedy
famously talked up the benefits of taking on a massive challenge:<br />
<blockquote>
"We
choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not
because they are easy, but because they are hard; because that goal will
serve to organise and measure the best of our energies and skills."</blockquote>
Kornfeldt says cloning the woolly mammoth could have similar benefits to the Apollo program.<br />
"We
didn't go to the Moon to collect gold or something, we did it just to
go through the process — and in the same way, going through the process
of figuring something like this out has a great value in itself," she
says.<br />
<br />
"It makes the researchers a lot more aware of how different
genes work and what their functions are, what kind of genes you can
change and what genes you can't change, and how it all sort of fits
together."<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-06/de-extinction-science-tries-bringing-animals-back-from-the-dead/9940348" target="_blank">READ MORE </a><br />
<br />
<br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-69157206022846897652018-07-05T13:28:00.000+08:002018-07-05T13:28:00.567+08:00Dinosaur Wars: Earthfall<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QvV43g0AXj8/Wz2rlIkz5AI/AAAAAAAA4ek/uUonfaXtxp8DpnegCTHrcfZu6mJBtb8ugCLcBGAs/s1600/51ksLqjOIWL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="333" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QvV43g0AXj8/Wz2rlIkz5AI/AAAAAAAA4ek/uUonfaXtxp8DpnegCTHrcfZu6mJBtb8ugCLcBGAs/s400/51ksLqjOIWL.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
Star Wars meets Jurassic Park as dinosaurs return to earth from space. Action-packed adventure for all age groups.<br />
<br />
<span>"Solid science and pacing that never quits." --Kay Kenyon, Philip K. Dick Award nominated author of Maximum Ice</span><br />
<br />
<div>
<span></span></div>
<div>
<span>"Fills the void since Jurassic Park. And, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004IWQXKW/ref=sspa_dk_detail_0?psc=1" target="_blank">Hopp's book</a> may be better." --Steve Brusatte, DinoLand Review</span></div>
<div>
<span> </span></div>
<div>
<br /><span><span class="a-size-base review-text" data-hook="review-body">It's taken
me a while to write this review. After I read the book, I wasn't sure
what to make of it. I then read the other reviews and found that I
agreed completely with both the low and the high star reviews.<br /><br />Yes,
the plot is whacky, the science is at least half fantasy, as is the
military reaction, and the characters' activities--not to mention the
intelligent dinos waging war on humankind. But the book was a blast to
read, fast paced with accessible, if somewhat one-dimensional
characters.<br /><br />I think what got me, besides the whole Jurassic Park
meets War of the Worlds plot, is the way the author managed to weave a
lot of tongue-in-cheek humor into his non-stop, dino action. For
instance, when the paleontologist, one of the main characters in the
book, is rounded up with some millitary men to be the intelligent dino's
dinner, he thinks to himself, as the dinosaurs he's spent his whole
life studying lean over him with their jaws ready to take a bite: "So
this is what they mean when they say you're consumed by your work." How
can you not like puns and dinosaurs in the same book???<br /><br />And there
are moments of real pathos, terror, anger...the author manages to get
the reader to feel the whole spectrum. Yes, including, eyerolling
"you've got to be kidding me" moments. There are a lot of those, it has
to be admitted. And I thought the ending was the biggest eyeroller of
them all, especially how the lone For Peace dino never has a moment of
angst over the humans blowing away his home base where his beloved,
pregnant wife was nesting. He's STILL bent on making peace with these
tasty, so-called intelligent humans.<br /><br />I do think that you will
enjoy this book, as I did, if you park your modern outlook and knowledge
of real science, and instead let yourself channel the days of Edgar
Rice Burroughs and scienece fiction adventures from the pulp fiction
days of yesteryear.</span> </span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-82298654742653220682018-05-18T12:58:00.001+08:002018-05-18T12:58:31.353+08:00Dinosaurs on the Battlefield<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JHD6sfMjF0g/Wv5YAYhgPFI/AAAAAAAA4TQ/4bVQgVs3BAEPI_ZaKo2b3bdnimLSnrQ0QCLcBGAs/s1600/DinoPrincess-crop2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="740" height="202" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JHD6sfMjF0g/Wv5YAYhgPFI/AAAAAAAA4TQ/4bVQgVs3BAEPI_ZaKo2b3bdnimLSnrQ0QCLcBGAs/s400/DinoPrincess-crop2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Victor Milán’s new novel in The Dinosaur Lords series, set in a
primordial world with every species of dinosaur, large and small.<b> </b>The books are bloodsoaked—the basic elevator pitch is “<em>Jurassic Park</em> meets <em>Game of Thrones</em>”—specifically because the saurians aren’t around to be pets, attractions, or build a Dinotopia.<br />
<br />
Milán employs them as scaly war engines which brings up a question
pondered by generations of kids as they’ve assembled plastic dinosaur
toys in their sandboxes—which are the best dinosaurs to wage war?<br />
<br />
<span id="more-287197"></span><br />
An enormous, excessively-fanged theropod would be the obvious choice. We’ve all daydreamed about clambering atop a <em>Tyrannosaurus</em>
to vanquish our enemies. (Right?) But there are two problems with this
plan. The first is that the carnivore might be just as likely to eat you
as your enemy. A morsel is a morsel to a hungry carnivore. That, among
other reasons, is probably why there haven’t been war tigers or battle
wolves outside the annals of fantasy. And despite the psychological
terror an armored, snarling tyrannosaur might inspire on the
battlefield, it’d actually be terrible in an all-out fight.
Tyrannosaurs, like all giant carnivorous dinosaurs, were bipeds. Break
one of their legs, and they topple over useless and defeated.<br />
<br />
Milán gets it. In his fantasy world, most of the war dinosaurs are
herbivores that stomp around on all fours—crested hadrosaurs, horned
dinosaurs, and the armored ankylosaurs. They seem like suitable
stand-ins for dragons. Many had the spikes, horns, and crests to make
them look intimidating enough. Despite their appearances, though, most
of these dinosaurs wouldn’t have been as useful as you might expect.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.tor.com/2017/08/10/dinosaurs-on-the-battlefield/" target="_blank">READ MORE </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://warhammerfantasy.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Lizardmen_Military" target="_blank"><b>WARHAMMER FANTASY</b></a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yc29SMcuRbo/Wv5ZaN_EgYI/AAAAAAAA4Tc/2v1UUMFPCLoOVVrCdYUr18tiyeQjYK-rACLcBGAs/s1600/Warhammer_Lizardmen_Carnosaur_Rider.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="498" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yc29SMcuRbo/Wv5ZaN_EgYI/AAAAAAAA4Tc/2v1UUMFPCLoOVVrCdYUr18tiyeQjYK-rACLcBGAs/s400/Warhammer_Lizardmen_Carnosaur_Rider.png" width="266" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<b>Carnosaurs</b> are large apex predators that have terrorized the
darkness of the primordial jungles since the dawn of this world's
existence. Considered by many as the ultimate jungle hunter, with some
growing nearly two stories tall, these massive reptilian beasts are
powerfully built and highly aggressive creatures, with long, muscular
hind limbs and a heavy tail that is used to balance its enlarged and
powerful skull. Only the <a href="http://warhammerfantasy.wikia.com/wiki/Dread_Saurian" title="Dread Saurian">Dread Saurian</a>
are above even these mighty predators. Upon scenting prey, or catching
sight of even the slightest amount of movement, the Carnosaur propels
itself with enormous strides, moving with a surprising speed for such a
large beast.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0lHhoed8tjM/Wv5Z-_YFa4I/AAAAAAAA4Tk/lCWP7ct_4wkExPF150HM2yZe0qTooQaJgCLcBGAs/s1600/FDV.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="524" data-original-width="1240" height="168" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0lHhoed8tjM/Wv5Z-_YFa4I/AAAAAAAA4Tk/lCWP7ct_4wkExPF150HM2yZe0qTooQaJgCLcBGAs/s400/FDV.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="page-header__title">
<b>Bastiladon</b>, sometimes known as <b>Living Bastions</b>, are a
mighty and hulking species of armored reptiles whose heavily armoured
shell is perhaps one of the strongest within the continent of <a href="http://warhammerfantasy.wikia.com/wiki/Lustria" title="Lustria">Lustria</a>.
It is a walking fortress, a living bastion covered in a rock-hard bony
skin, and then further protected by massive iron-like plates — a natural
armour so dense that it can, sometimes, thwart the bite of the mighty <a href="http://warhammerfantasy.wikia.com/wiki/Carnosaur" title="Carnosaur">Carnosaur</a>.
Even those blows that crack the outermost armour plates cannot
penetrate deeply into the beast due to the Bastiladon’s alternating
layers of thick leathery skin and additional scales.</div>
<div class="page-header__title">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8Ru8Yw2Xonk/Wv5bOLQ2blI/AAAAAAAA4Tw/f1k_L3kemK8rVhzwXHLvF-BaE0Quj4zJgCLcBGAs/s1600/99120208020_SeraphonStegadon01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="950" data-original-width="920" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8Ru8Yw2Xonk/Wv5bOLQ2blI/AAAAAAAA4Tw/f1k_L3kemK8rVhzwXHLvF-BaE0Quj4zJgCLcBGAs/s400/99120208020_SeraphonStegadon01.jpg" width="386" /></a></div>
<div class="page-header__title">
<b>Stegadons</b> are mighty horned reptilian beasts that have dwelt within the primeval jungles of Lustria since long before the coming of the <a href="http://warhammerfantasy.wikia.com/wiki/Old_Ones" title="Old Ones">Old Ones</a>.
They are bulky creatures whose heads are covered by armoured crests,
out of which project massive horns. With bony scales and spikes
shielding their bodies, there are few predators that dare challenge
them. Territorial and highly aggressive, Stegadons will charge any
creature that intrudes upon their habitat. Other creatures stay well
clear of these herds, for fear of being trampled or gored.</div>
<div class="page-header__title">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dwAEjtkmbPg/Wv5dEi_xN7I/AAAAAAAA4UE/HTxepHVIFXcW-Z42sPrLo0e4w-f-B4b1gCLcBGAs/s1600/99120208023_StartCollectingSeriphon01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="950" data-original-width="919" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dwAEjtkmbPg/Wv5dEi_xN7I/AAAAAAAA4UE/HTxepHVIFXcW-Z42sPrLo0e4w-f-B4b1gCLcBGAs/s400/99120208023_StartCollectingSeriphon01.jpg" width="386" /></a></div>
<h3 class="product-details__product-name test-product-title" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.games-workshop.com/en-NZ/searchResults?_dyncharset=UTF-8&_dynSessConf=2640411730528093455&qty=&sorting=&view=&Ntt=Seraphon" target="_blank">Seraphon Army</a></h3>
<div class="product-details__product-name test-product-title" style="text-align: left;">
<i><b>Older than memory, existing for aeons unrecorded, the seraphon have ever
waged an unending, savage war against Chaos. Summoned by the incredible
power of the Slann Starmasters, they materialise from the energy of the
stars themselves - nimble skinks, predatory saurus and hulking
kroxigor, each intent on destroying the forces that have corrupted and
darkened the realms almost beyond repair.</b></i> </div>
<br />
<br />
<b> </b>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-79249392253201414542018-05-18T12:25:00.001+08:002018-05-18T12:25:30.753+08:00Book[s] The Dinosaur Lords by Victor Milán<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uzRwdl595dA/Wv5VO00hVlI/AAAAAAAA4TE/7CNugg4N-tY3CAdfgajwdXX98XyUDdHrwCLcBGAs/s1600/dinosaurlords-full.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="905" data-original-width="600" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uzRwdl595dA/Wv5VO00hVlI/AAAAAAAA4TE/7CNugg4N-tY3CAdfgajwdXX98XyUDdHrwCLcBGAs/s400/dinosaurlords-full.jpg" width="265" /></a></div>
<div class="frontmatter">
A world made by the Eight Creators on which to
play out their games of passion and power, Paradise is a sprawling,
diverse, often brutal place. Men and women live on Paradise as do dogs,
cats, ferrets, goats, and horses. But dinosaurs predominate: wildlife,
monsters, beasts of burden—and of war. Colossal plant-eaters like
Brachiosaurus; terrifying meat-eaters like Allosaurus, and the most
feared of all, Tyrannosaurus rex. Giant lizards swim warm seas. Birds
(some with teeth) share the sky with flying reptiles that range in size
from bat-sized insectivores to majestic and deadly Dragons.</div>
<div class="frontmatter">
<br /></div>
<div class="frontmatter">
Thus we are plunged into Victor Milán’s splendidly weird world of <strong><a href="http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-dinosaur-lords-victor-milan/1120327502?ean=9780765332967" target="external-links-new-window"><em>The Dinosaur Lords</em></a></strong>,
a place that for all purposes mirrors 14th century Europe with its
dynastic rivalries, religious wars, and byzantine politics…except the
weapons of choice are dinosaurs. Where vast armies of dinosaur-mounted
knights engage in battle. During the course of one of these epic
battles, the enigmatic mercenary Dinosaur Lord Karyl Bogomirsky is
defeated through betrayal and left for dead. He wakes, naked, wounded,
partially amnesiac-and hunted. And embarks upon a journey that will
shake his world…</div>
<div class="frontmatter">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
Chapter One</h3>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>The Empire of Nuevaropa, Alemania, County Augenfelsen</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
They appeared across the river like a range of shadow mountains,
resolving to terrible solidity through a gauze of early-morning mist and
rain. Great horned heads swung side to side. Strapped to their backs
behind shieldlike neck-frills swayed wicker fighting-castles filled with
archers.<br />
<br />
“That tears it!” Rob Korrigan had to shout to be heard, though his
companion stood at arm’s length on high ground behind the Hassling’s
south bank. Battle raged east along the river for a full kilometer.
“Voyvod Karyl’s brought his pet Triceratops to dance with our master the
Count.”<br />
<br />
Despite the chill rain that streamed down his face and tickled in his
short beard, his heart soared. No dinosaur master could help being
stirred by sight of these beasts, unique in the Empire of Nuevaropa: the
fifty living fortresses of Karyl Bogomirskiy’s notorious White River
Legion.<br />
<br />
Even if they fought for the enemy.<br />
<br />
“Impressive,” the Princes’ Party axeman who stood beside Rob yelled
back. Like Rob he worked for the local Count Augenfelsen—“Eye Cliffs” in
a decent tongue—who commanded the army’s right wing. “And so what? Our
dinosaur knights will put paid to ’em quick enough.”<br />
<br />
“Are you out of your tiny <em>mind</em> ?” Rob said.<br />
<br />
He knew his Alemán was beastly, worse even than his Spañol, the
Empire’s common speech. As if he cared. He’d had this job but a handful
of months, and suspected it wouldn’t last much longer.<br />
<br />
“The Princes’ Party had the war all its own way until the Emperor
hired in these Slavos and their trikes,” he said. “Three times the
Princes have fought Karyl. Three times they’ve lost. Nobody’s defeated
the White River Legion. <em>Ever</em>.”<br />
<br />
The air was as thick with the screams of men and monsters, and a
clangor like the biggest smithy on the world called Paradise, as it was
with rain and the stench of spilled blood and bowels. Rob’s own guts
still roiled and his nape prickled from the side effects of a distant
terremoto: the warhadrosaurs’ terrible, inaudible battle cry, pitched
too low for the human ear to hear, but potentially as damaging as a body
blow from a battering ram.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.tor.com/2015/06/11/the-dinosaur-lords/" target="_blank">READ MORE </a><br />
<div class="frontmatter">
<br /></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-48183304154518202432017-08-28T19:22:00.001+08:002017-08-28T19:43:28.354+08:00Our Dragons Are Different <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XId8ethxg2M" width="560"></iframe>
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<div class="indent">
</div>
<div class="indent">
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<div class="indent">
<i><span class="text-node">"Gronckle, Zippleback, the Skrill...
Boneknapper... Whispering Death... Burns its victims, buries its
victims, chokes its victims, turns its victims inside-out... Extremely
dangerous, extremely dangerous... kill on sight, kill on sight, kill on
sight..."</span></i>
<br />
<div class="indent">
<span class="text-node">— </span><b><span class="text-node">Hiccup</span></b><span class="text-node"> (flipping through the Dragon Manual), </span><i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/WesternAnimation/HowToTrainYourDragon" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/WesternAnimation/HowToTrainYourDragon">How to Train Your Dragon</a></i></div>
<div class="indent">
<i> </i>
</div>
</div>
<span class="text-node">Nearly every culture has myths about something called a 'dragon', despite the fact none of them can agree on exactly </span><i><span class="text-node">what</span></i><span class="text-node"> dragons are. How big are they? What do they look like? How many heads do they have? Do they breathe </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/KillItWithFire" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/KillItWithFire">fire</a><span class="text-node">? Or </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/KillItWithIce" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/KillItWithIce">ice</a><span class="text-node">? Do they fly (and if so, with or without wings)? How many legs do they have? Are they dumb as planks, or </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/IntellectualAnimal" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/IntellectualAnimal">superintelligent</a><span class="text-node">? Are they low scaly pests, or ultra-rare Uber-serpents </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/StrongerWithAge" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/StrongerWithAge">ancient and powerful as the Earth itself</a><span class="text-node">?
</span>
<span class="text-node">The answers to these questions generally fall
within two traditions, "Western" and "Eastern". Even then, in addition
to cultural differences, dragons fall into a very wide range of types
even in one local mythology.
</span>
<span class="text-node">Eastern dragons, such as in the </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/EasternZodiac" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/EasternZodiac">Eastern Zodiac</a><span class="text-node">,
come from different traditions and as such aren't technically the same
dragon as their Western counterparts; Westerners who encountered stories
and images of Chinese </span><i><span class="text-node">lóng</span></i><span class="text-node"> and Japanese </span><i><span class="text-node">tatsu</span></i><span class="text-node">/</span><i><span class="text-node">ryuu</span></i><span class="text-node"> sprung on the similarities to the European dragon and </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/CallASmeerpARabbit" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/CallASmeerpARabbit">couldn't think of anything better to call them</a><span class="text-node">.
</span>
<span class="text-node">Even within these traditions, however, there is
much variability. This has increased in modern times, as Western and
Eastern authors have blurred the traditions by mixing and matching
attributes from both (benign Western dragons are quite popular these
days, for instance). Some authors invent completely new attributes to </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/OurMonstersAreDifferent" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/OurMonstersAreDifferent">set their dragons apart</a><span class="text-node"> from the crowd </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MythologyUpgrade" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MythologyUpgrade">or just make them</a> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/RuleOfCool" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/RuleOfCool">cooler.</a><span class="text-node"> And some authors </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/InstantAwesomeJustAddDragons" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/InstantAwesomeJustAddDragons">put dragons in their stories just for the sole reason of making a story look cool.</a>
<br />
<center>
<span class="text-node">A quick rundown of the Western and Eastern schools of dragon is as follows:</span></center>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top"><b><span class="text-node">Western Dragons</span></b></td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top"><b><span class="text-node">Eastern Dragons</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Are scaly and reptilian (outwardly, anyway), and usually serpentine.</td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Are <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MixAndMatchCritters" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MixAndMatchCritters">Mix-and-Match Critters</a>, though the exact components vary (generally, they can best be described as "lion-snakes"). They sometimes evolve out of <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SeahorsesAreDragons" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SeahorsesAreDragons">Seahorses</a> or <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/LegendaryCarp" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/LegendaryCarp">Legendary Carp</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Normally associated with fire, which they often breathe as an attack.</td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Normally associated with water (and the sky, <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TheSkyIsAnOcean" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TheSkyIsAnOcean">which was considered an ocean in classical Chinese thought</a>), and are often considered bringers of rain. In various fiction, some Chinese dragons are capable of breathing fire.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Have around the same size range as houses, at least when fully grown.</td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Can be as small as a grasshopper or large enough to fill the space between heaven and earth.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Are usually <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/KillAllHumans" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/KillAllHumans">antagonistic towards humans</a>, if not an outright <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SatanicArchetype" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SatanicArchetype">Satanic Archetype</a>.
More intelligent versions are often manipulative, or, at the very
least, love to screw with people; less intelligent versions are beasts
and act the part.</td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Are benign, <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BewareTheNiceOnes" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BewareTheNiceOnes">but capable of destructive force when provoked</a>. They may be <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TigerVersusDragon" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TigerVersusDragon">rivals with tigers</a>, and/or <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/OneGenderRace" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/OneGenderRace">a male counterpart to</a> the female <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ThePhoenix" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ThePhoenix">fenghuang</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Kidnap <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DamselInDistress" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DamselInDistress">damsels</a> (<a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DragonsPreferPrincesses" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DragonsPreferPrincesses">preferably princesses</a>) and/or <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DragonHoard" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DragonHoard">hoard treasure</a>. Often greedy and/or insatiable, especially in the latter regard.</td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Instead of hoarding magical treasures, they <i><span class="text-node">make</span></i> them. The other thing they hoard is wisdom, which they rarely share with mortals.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Have a variable number of heads and
legs, though one head and six limbs (four legs, and a pair of wings) and
a tail is the most common configuration. More divergent types (no legs,
multiple heads, etc) seem more likely to be brainless bestial monsters
than the "basic" form.</td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Most often have one head and four legs. The <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/StealthPun" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/StealthPun">long</a>er a dragon, the more pairs of legs he has.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Either <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/GiantFlyer" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/GiantFlyer">fly with bat-like wings</a>, or they lack wings and don't fly.</td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Can fly via magic even if they lack wings, which they usually do. When they do have wings, they are often birdlike.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Have varying levels of intelligence. Prior to <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TropeMakers" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TropeMakers">Tolkien</a>, they rarely spoke. After Tolkien, they are often portrayed as at least as clever as humans, and frequently <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MagnificentBastard" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MagnificentBastard">(much) more</a>. More traditionally bestial examples still usually have a predatory cunning.</td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Not only are they intelligent, they are usually a <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MentorArchetype" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MentorArchetype">Mentor Archetype</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Their scales (and armor made thereof)
may be impervious to magic. In addition, they often have some form of
innate magic if intelligent. Sometimes they may even <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/Weredragon" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/Weredragon">disguise themselves as humanoid beings of much smaller size</a> and <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/HalfHumanHybrid" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/HalfHumanHybrid">interbreed with said species, creating half-dragons</a>. </td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">In addition to assuming human form, they also often have the ability to <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/VoluntaryShapeshifting" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/VoluntaryShapeshifting">transform into other animals</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Live for a very long time, if not actually immortal, but typically may be killed.</td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">May be an out and out <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/PhysicalGod" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/PhysicalGod">Physical God</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Are <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/FlyingBrick" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/FlyingBrick">incredibly strong</a> and <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/HealingFactor" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/HealingFactor">hard to kill</a> but usually have one or two <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AchillesHeel" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AchillesHeel">fatal weak spots</a>. This is traditionally under the chin, but post-Tolkien, it's more likely to be on the chest or belly, and <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/GoForTheEye" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/GoForTheEye">the eye</a> is popular too.</td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">In relation to the above, pretty much
invincible... not that people actively seek them out to kill them
anyway. Have a single "reversed scale" under the chin, and <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BerserkButton" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BerserkButton">go into a blind rage if it is touched/rubbed the wrong way</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Sometimes have poisonous blood, breath, saliva, or some such. Often, <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BrokeYourArmPunchingOutCthulhu" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BrokeYourArmPunchingOutCthulhu">this will kill you after you kill it</a>. If their blood isn't poisonous, it grants special powers such as invincibility.</td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">Since they live and breathe essence of life itself, they are the exact opposite of being poisonous.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">The original name (drakon) meant Serpent/Snake.</td>
<td class="embedcell" valign="top">The original name (long) is used to
describe Saltwater Crocodiles (smaller crocs are named something else)
explaining their ties to water.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span class="text-node">Recently, western dragons' physical variability has created a number of named sub-species:
</span><br />
<ul>
<li> The most popular variation has been the <b><span class="text-node">wyvern</span></b>,
somewhat resembling a bat with the forelimbs being clawed wings and the
rear limbs being two legs - this configuration generally being
considered more "realistic" as something that could actually evolve. <span class="notelabel"><sup><span class="text-node">note </span></sup></span><span class="inlinefolder" id="note025px">Despite
appearances, wings are actually a type of arm, and not a separate
thing. Therefore a dragon with four legs and two "wings" biologically
has <i><span class="text-node">six</span></i> limbs - and six-limbed reptiles don't exist in the real world.</span>
In some settings, this is the only type and will simply be called
"dragons." In other settings, wyverns are not considered "true" dragons
at all, but a related, usually less powerful and intelligent species.
Wyverns are less likely to breathe fire, and more likely to be venomous
(even when dragons in the same setting are not venomous). <br />The term
"wyvern" is less likely to be used if the creature in question walks
quadrupedally (using the wings as forelimbs, like a bat or a pterosaur),
such as Smaug from <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/TheHobbit" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/TheHobbit">The Hobbit</a></i>, Vermithrax Pejorative from <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/Dragonslayer" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></i> and the dragons from <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/ReignOfFire" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/ReignOfFire">Reign of Fire</a></i>.
</li>
<li> Rivaling the wyvern is the <b><span class="text-node">Hydra</span></b> from <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Myth/GreekMythology" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Myth/GreekMythology">Greek Mythology</a>, which is often depicted as a flightless dragon-like water or swamp beast with one or more heads; <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/HydraProblem" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/HydraProblem">for each head you cut off, two rapidly grow to replace it.</a> If they have a <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BreathWeapon" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BreathWeapon">Breath Weapon</a>, it's often a different one for each head. The original sprayed poison and had poison for blood.
</li>
<li> A <b><span class="text-node">drake</span></b> is usually a
creature closely related to dragons but smaller and less intelligent,
equivalent to the relationship between humans and chimpanzees. <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/UndergroundMonkey" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/UndergroundMonkey">More likely than dragons to come in multiple varieties adapted to different environments</a>
(e.g. the drakes that live around volcanos may be the only ones able to
breathe fire). Unlike wyverns they have the same body type as other
dragons in the setting, though with a tendency towards smaller or
non-existent wings. Sometimes they're simply young/adolescent dragons
rather than a separate species. In other cases "drake" is
interchangeable with "dragon", or is a term for male dragons in
particular.
</li>
<li> Very old (Greek and Roman, and some medieval) dragons are presented
as more serpentine than the more recent ones — if winged, the wings are
usually their only limbs; and some were totally limbless, just <i><span class="text-node">very enormous</span></i> serpents. This type of dragon may be referred to as a <b><span class="text-node">wyrm</span></b> (pronounced just like "worm").
</li>
</ul>
<span class="text-node">Other </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MixAndMatchCritters" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MixAndMatchCritters">reptilian or avian mixed</a><span class="text-node"> mythological creatures, particularly the </span><b><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BasiliskAndCockatrice" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BasiliskAndCockatrice">Basilisk</a></b><span class="text-node">, </span><b><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BasiliskAndCockatrice" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BasiliskAndCockatrice">Cockatrice</a></b><span class="text-node"> and </span><b><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/FeatheredSerpent" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/FeatheredSerpent">Quetzalcoatl</a></b><span class="text-node">, may be considered types of dragons or similar creatures in some works.
</span>
<span class="text-node">Further, it's also become fairly common for dragons to come in different flavors of </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ElementalPowers" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ElementalPowers">Elemental Powers</a><span class="text-node">, especially in settings where </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ElementalRockPaperScissors" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ElementalRockPaperScissors">Elemental Rock-Paper-Scissors</a><span class="text-node"> are enforced. This may simply manifest in their </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BreathWeapon" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BreathWeapon">Breath Weapon</a><span class="text-node">, or it may affect all properties of the dragon. Elemental </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/UndergroundMonkey" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/UndergroundMonkey">rainbows</a><span class="text-node">
of dragons are most common in video games and tabletop games where
diversity of creatures and gameplay balance are considerations. One-off
dragon variants are most likely to be ice elemental, poisonous, or maybe
</span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/Dracolich" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/Dracolich">zombified</a><span class="text-node">.
</span>
<span class="text-node">As mentioned above, a recent trend has been to
try and make dragons that could actually exist in the real world.
Naturally, these tend to either use </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ScienceFiction" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ScienceFiction">Science Fiction</a><span class="text-node"> concepts or be very different from traditional dragons. Also common in later works is a tendency for dragons to </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BondCreatures" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BondCreatures">form a life-long</a><span class="text-node"> bond with any human or humanoid who is </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ABoyAndHisX" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ABoyAndHisX">present when they hatch</a><span class="text-node"> (probably inspired by the 'imprinting' which occurs with most birds in </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/RealLife" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/RealLife">Real Life</a><span class="text-node">,
which is why birds raised in captivity with the intent to be released
must be cared for by puppets). This gives writers a way to give dragons
unique psychology without having to come up with unique motivations for
them. It also explains why humanoid </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DragonRider" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DragonRider">Dragon Riders</a><span class="text-node"> can boss them around. Yet another trend appearing here and there is for dragons to be depicted as looking similar to </span><i><span class="text-node">dinosaurs</span></i><span class="text-node">, usually the bigger theropods (like </span><i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TyrannosaurusRex" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TyrannosaurusRex">Tyrannosaurus rex</a></i><span class="text-node">), but occasionally sauropods (such as </span><i><span class="text-node">Brachiosaurus</span></i><span class="text-node">) as well. </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DinosaursAreDragons" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DinosaursAreDragons">The two are often outright confused with each other</a><span class="text-node">. Another common trend in modern fantasy is the </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ShoulderSizedDragon" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ShoulderSizedDragon">miniature pet dragon</a><span class="text-node">, suitable for </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ParrotPetPosition" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ParrotPetPosition">perching on one's shoulder</a><span class="text-node">.
</span>
<span class="text-node">Compare </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/GiantFlyer" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/GiantFlyer">Giant Flyer</a><span class="text-node">, and other </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DragonTropes" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DragonTropes">Dragon Tropes</a><span class="text-node">. Supertrope of </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DraconicHumanoid" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DraconicHumanoid">Draconic Humanoid</a><span class="text-node">, or humanoid dragons and dragonkin.
</span>
<span class="text-node">Not to be confused with </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TheDragon" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TheDragon">The Dragon</a><span class="text-node">, a position only sometimes held by a real dragon (while dragons themselves can just as easily be </span><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BigBad" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BigBad">Big Bads</a><span class="text-node">).
</span>
<br />
<hr class="" />
<h2 class="">
Examples:</h2>
<ul class="">
<li class=""> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/AnimeAndManga" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/AnimeAndManga">Anime and Manga</a>
</li>
<li class=""> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/ComicBooks" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/ComicBooks">Comic Books</a>
</li>
<li class=""> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/FairyTales" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/FairyTales">Fairy Tales</a>
</li>
<li class=""> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/AnimatedFilms" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/AnimatedFilms">Films Animation</a>
</li>
<li class=""> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/LiveActionFilms" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/LiveActionFilms">Films Live-Action</a>
</li>
<li class=""> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/Literature" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/Literature">Literature</a>
</li>
<li> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/LiveActionTV" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/LiveActionTV">Live-Action TV</a>
</li>
<li> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/MythsAndReligion" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/MythsAndReligion">Myths and Religion</a>
</li>
<li class=""> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/TabletopGames" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/TabletopGames">Tabletop Games</a>
</li>
<li class=""> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/VideoGames" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/VideoGames">Video Games</a>
</li>
<li> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/WebAnimation" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/WebAnimation">Web Animation</a>
</li>
<li class=""> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/WebComics" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/WebComics">Web Comics</a>
</li>
<li> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/WebOriginal" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/WebOriginal">Web Original</a>
</li>
<li> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/WesternAnimation" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/WesternAnimation">Western Animation</a>
</li>
<li> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/RealLife" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/OurDragonsAreDifferent/RealLife">Real Life</a>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="folderlabel">
<span class="text-node"> open/close all folders </span></div>
<div class="folderlabel">
<span class="text-node"> Arts </span></div>
<div class="folder" id="folder0">
<ul>
<li> Two oil paintings (<a class="urllink" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paolo_Uccello_047b.jpg">1470<img class="flex-width smallImage" src="https://pdf.printfriendly.com/camo/e2a716ba02a777af50d220e115a762cc1a5e27dd/687474703a2f2f7374617469632e6d6564696174726f7065732e696e666f2f706d77696b692f7075622f65787465726e616c5f6c696e6b2e676966" width="12" /></a><small><span class="text-node">◊</span></small>, <a class="urllink" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_George_and_the_Dragon_by_Paolo_Uccello_%28Paris%29_01.jpg">c. 1460<img class="flex-width smallImage" src="https://pdf.printfriendly.com/camo/e2a716ba02a777af50d220e115a762cc1a5e27dd/687474703a2f2f7374617469632e6d6564696174726f7065732e696e666f2f706d77696b692f7075622f65787465726e616c5f6c696e6b2e676966" width="12" /></a><small><span class="text-node">◊</span></small>) of <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Myth/SaintGeorge" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Myth/SaintGeorge">St. George's fight with the Dragon</a>
by the Italian painter Paolo Uccello (1397—1475) depict a dragon with
two legs and wings with eye spots, as are found on the wings of
butterflies in real life.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="folderlabel">
<span class="text-node"> Comic Strips </span></div>
<div class="folder" id="folder1">
<ul class="">
<li class=""> The fen dragons in early <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/ComicStrip/PrinceValiant" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/ComicStrip/PrinceValiant">Prince Valiant</a></i>
strips were basically gigantic crocodiles who dwelt in the swamps. A
much more recent story arc pitted Val against a truly titanic lizard
from a <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/LostWorld" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/LostWorld">Lost World</a>, which attacked Camelot <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MonsterIsAMommy" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MonsterIsAMommy">seeking its stolen egg.</a>
</li>
<li class=""> Todd the Candy Dragon from <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/ComicStrip/PhoebeAndHerUnicorn" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/ComicStrip/PhoebeAndHerUnicorn">Phoebe and Her Unicorn</a></i> is a tiny dragon who says nothing but "Rar" and, true to his name, produces candy and ice cream from his mouth.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="folderlabel">
<span class="text-node"> Fan Works </span></div>
<div class="folder" id="folder2">
<ul class="">
<li class=""> <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Fanfic/EarthAndSky" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Fanfic/EarthAndSky">Earth and Sky</a></i>:
Due to dragons being magic creatures, their physical forms change based
on their desires. For instance, a dragon that lived by himself in the
middle of nowhere grew a second head just so he'd have someone to <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TalkingToThemself" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TalkingToThemself">talk to</a>. This is also apparently why Spike has wings now when he didn't during his <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Recap/MyLittlePonyFriendshipIsMagicS2E10SecretOfMyExcess" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Recap/MyLittlePonyFriendshipIsMagicS2E10SecretOfMyExcess">greed-induced growth spurt</a>; he didn't want them back then, but has since learned to enjoy the concept of personal flight.
</li>
<li class=""> <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Fanfic/HopeForTheHeartless" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Fanfic/HopeForTheHeartless">Hope for the Heartless</a></i>: According to <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Disney/TheBlackCauldron" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Disney/TheBlackCauldron">the Horned King</a>,
despite resembling them, gwythaints such as the two he kept aren't
dragons. He did once encounter a true dragon, which was built like a
gwythaint but had four legs and bronze-colored scales, and was as large
as two peasant houses put together. It didn't breathe fire (but he has
heard tales from people who have actually seen firebreathers), but spat
lava instead, something some dragon types can do by eating rocks and
digesting them into a lava-like substance.
</li>
<li class=""> <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/FanFic/ItsADangerousBusinessGoingOutYourDoor" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/FanFic/ItsADangerousBusinessGoingOutYourDoor">It's a Dangerous Business, Going Out Your Door</a></i>:
<ul>
<li class=""> Dragons come from the nation of Carcosa and have their own
language, Draketongue, a tonal tongue (meaning that tone and pitch are
as important as, if not more important than, the actual sound of words
in conveying meaning) noted to be highly melodic and sung more than
spoken.
</li>
<li class=""> The komagas, large reptilian creatures that rampage across
Gildedale for a month every year, destroying anything in their way
(they only do this in one direction and return the next year from the
same way as before; no one knows where they go the rest of the time),
were, according to Gildedale tradition, dragons who long ago committed
some unknown sin and were punished by their gods with the loss of their
wings and fire and being cursed to eternally roam the earth, and who
over the aeons have degraded into mindless beasts.
</li>
<li> Longs are also mentioned, and apparently live in the nation of
Salamar. They are not true dragons, however, and apparently dislike
being mistaken for such.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=""> <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/FanFic/TheLastDraconequus" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/FanFic/TheLastDraconequus">The Last Draconequus</a></i>:
According to Discord's inner monologue, eastern dragons exist alongside
the western kind, and are capable of interbreeding with ponies to
create a chimeric species called the long-ma. The draconequi were
long-ma who migrated west. The original long-ma followed a different
evolutionary path and are still around today, and deny being draconequui
at all, but Discord still considers them basically the same species.
Western dragons are stated to be an inherently chaotic species, and as
such, like the draconequi, can potentially produce an Avatar of Chaos.
</li>
<li class=""> <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/FanFic/ThePalaververse" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/FanFic/ThePalaververse">The Palaververse</a></i>:
They used to rule most of the world in the past, but their power began
to slip as civilization grew, and was lost in a series of disastrous
wars against the Diamond Dogs, the Capric Empire and Equestria, forcing
most of them out of Ungula and to the archipelago of the Burning
Mountains. They also have their own unique but poorly understood form of
magic, hoard treasure as both a way to store food and as a mating
display of sorts, and though mostly loners they have a loose society,
ruled by the Fire Queen through Dragon Lords acting as intermediaries
and viceroys.
<ul>
<li> An interesting note is that, although most dragons dismiss religion
as something for more mortal beings to bother with, particularly old
and powerful dragons almost invariably develop beliefs centering on the
size of ones hoard determining the value and brightness of ones
soul, and of a "Last Dark" to be met with as bright a soul as possible,
refusing to elaborate on this even to their younger kin.
</li>
<li> The caverns of the underworld are known to be home to blind,
flightless dragons that breathe mind-clouding fumes and poison instead
of fire.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=""> <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Fanfic/RainbowDoubleDashsLunaverse" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Fanfic/RainbowDoubleDashsLunaverse">RainbowDoubleDash's Lunaverse</a></i>:
The dragons are the same as in the base canon (i.e., they're of the
Western type, have nigh-invulnerable scaly hides, fire breath and six
limbs (counting the wings), eat gemstones, and collect a <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DragonHoard" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DragonHoard">Dragon Hoard</a> because they grow larger the more stuff they possess). However, this is heavily <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/Deconstructed" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/Deconstructed">Deconstructed</a>.
Because dragons are so individually powerful, and can find their food
so easily, they never developed a civilization beyond the crudest level
of "might makes right". Very few dragons can even read and write, and
the handful of more civilized dragons have to learn other languages just
because Draconic lacks the vocabulary to express many of the things
they want to say. In addition, since the greatest threat to a mature
dragon is another dragon, they never work together, and though they may
spawn whelps, they would never take them into their own lairs, for they
might steal something. As a result, there are only a few thousand
dragons on the planet. As one abnormally wise dragon puts it:
<div class="indent">
<span class="text-node"> We are dragons. We are
mighty. We are the strongest of the mortal races. We have no equals. And
because of that... we are dying.
</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="folderlabel">
<span class="text-node"> Music </span></div>
<div class="folder" id="folder3">
<ul>
<li> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Music/Gloryhammer" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Music/Gloryhammer">Gloryhammer</a>: The song "Magic Dragon" from the first album, <i><span class="text-node">Tales From The Kingdom of Fife</span></i> is about a magic dragon who becomes Angus McFife's ally after a magic spell is cast.
<div class="indent">
<i><span class="text-node">Demon attacked me but then it was slain </span><br /><span class="text-node">The dragon appeared and a battle was fight</span></i><span class="text-node"> [sic] </span><br />
<i><span class="text-node">I spoke from the words of a powerful scroll </span><br /><span class="text-node">And magical dragon became now allied.</span></i>
</div>
</li>
<li> The protagonist of the "Dragonland Chronicles" album trilogy of the Swedish <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/HeavyMetal" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/HeavyMetal">Heavy Metal</a> band <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Music/Dragonland" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Music/Dragonland">Dragonland</a>
is said to descend from dragons. In addition to that to cite an example
"Dragondawn", the first song of their first album is accompanied (it's
instrumental) by these verses:
<div class="indent">
<i><span class="text-node">As the dragons of the dawn spread their wings </span><br /><span class="text-node">And in the first blazing rays of the flowing morninglight </span><br /><span class="text-node">Set flight over oceans of radiant azure blissfull tides </span><br /><span class="text-node">Over majestic mountains of old, mountains of gold (...)</span></i>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="folderlabel">
<span class="text-node"> Pinballs </span></div>
<div class="folder" id="folder4">
<ul class="">
<li class=""> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Creator/Gottlieb" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Creator/Gottlieb">Gottlieb</a>'s <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Pinball/Gladiators" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Pinball/Gladiators">Gladiators</a></i> has The Beast, a three-headed flying green dragon that is the <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/WizardMode" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/WizardMode">final boss</a> in the game.
</li>
<li class=""> <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Pinball/DungeonsAndDragons" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Pinball/DungeonsAndDragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i> has a fire-breathing scaly red dragon as the antagonist.
</li>
<li class=""> The dragons in <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Pinball/FlashDragon" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Pinball/FlashDragon">Flash Dragon</a></i> apparently like to take photographs of players.
</li>
<li class=""> The "Dragon's Keep" table of <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/VideoGame/FullTiltPinball" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/VideoGame/FullTiltPinball">Full Tilt! Pinball</a></i> has a red dragon that <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BreathWeapon" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BreathWeapon">breathes fire</a>... and eats pinballs.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="folderlabel">
<span class="text-node"> Pro Wrestling </span></div>
<div class="folder" id="folder5">
<ul>
<li class=""> <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Wrestling/Chikara" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Wrestling/Chikara">Chikara</a> has Dragon <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/RepetitiveName" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/RepetitiveName">Dragon</a>,
a giant stuffed animal who came to life. He was modeled after a dragon
(obviously) but doesn't have many of the abilities associated with. His
plushy nature allows him to survive things most other wrestlers cannot
however, including <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/LosingYourHead" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/LosingYourHead">decapitation</a>.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="folderlabel">
<span class="text-node"> Toys </span></div>
<div class="folder" id="folder6">
<ul>
<li class=""> Throughout the years, <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Franchise/LEGO" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Franchise/LEGO">The LEGO Group</a> has produced a number of dragons:
<ul class="">
<li class=""> In the 1990s, the <i><span class="text-node">Castle</span></i>
theme introduced 'big-fig' dragons figures built with only a handful of
bricks; bright green bodies, frills, a head-piece shared with
alligators, a separate wing pieces. The 2013 revival featured a
significantly larger big-fig dragon.
</li>
<li class=""> In the <i><span class="text-node">Ninjago</span></i>
theme, the ninjas occasionally use dragons as transport and to assist in
combat. They have wildly varying appearances, wyverns, quadrupedal
dragons and drakes, and Chinese Lung dragons. Unlike <i><span class="text-node">Castle</span></i>, the dragons are fully brick-built (like a vehicle), and are very posable thanks to ball-and-socket joints. In <i><a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/WesternAnimation/TheLEGONinjagoMovie" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/WesternAnimation/TheLEGONinjagoMovie">The LEGO Ninjago Movie</a></i>, Llyod Garmadon uses a bright green dragon mech based on the Chinese lung dragons.
</li>
<li class=""> In the <i><span class="text-node">Elves</span></i> theme derived from the girl-centered <i><span class="text-node">Friends</span></i>, the elves ride magical winged two or four-legged dragons <a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AmazingTechnicolorWildlife" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AmazingTechnicolorWildlife">in all sorts of flashy colors</a> that behave like giant overgrown dogs. As with <i><span class="text-node">Ninjago</span></i>, they are brick-built, albeit with custom head pieces allowing for more expression.
</li>
<li class=""> The <i><span class="text-node">Creator</span></i> theme has had a number of dragons that are 100% brick built and like <i><span class="text-node">Ninjago</span></i> encompass all sorts of body types.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<hr class="" />
<div class="indent">
<a class="twikilink" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TheStinger" title="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TheStinger">The man-eating ones have said they mostly prefer their humans with barbecue sauce.</a></div>
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<a class="non-delete" href="http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/OurDragonsAreDifferent" id="pf-src-url"><img class="non-delete" src="https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain=tvtropes.org" /> <b class="non-delete">tvtropes.org</b>/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/OurDragonsAreDifferent</a>
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Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-28078369004313409632017-01-11T04:29:00.000+08:002017-01-11T04:29:57.888+08:00Desert Hydra<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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With five huge heads independently biting and spitting acid at its foes, the Desert Hydra is one of the most devastating warbeasts the Skorne Empire has ever captured and conditioned for war. Each head can release a focused spray of highly corrosive acid or snatch up opponents to be devoured by its gaping, hellish jaws. Flesh hooks protruding from beneath armored plates keep the beast maddened with pain, spurring it to further carnage even after suffering multiple decapitations.<br />
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<b>Physical Characteristics</b><br />
Desert hydras have a varying number of heads, and their bodies are layered in scales from soft beige to deep red. Although a desert hydra begins its life with a single head, masses of cells accumulate and divide upon the torso as the creature ages to form additional heads, all fully functional. On average, a hydra grows a head for each decade of its life. The eldest desert hydras can have as many as seven, though few survive to this stage.<br />
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A desert hydra's vital organs, including its brain, are protected deep within its torso. The protective plates lining the creature’s multiple necks and back also work to retain body heat; alternately, the spines protruding from these plates can disperse excess heat when necessary. Glands inside a hydra’s mouths discharge a potent acid capable of eating through chitin and steel, and a heat-sensing structure embedded between its eyes and nostrils facilitates highly accurate strikes against warm-blooded prey.<br />
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<b>Behaviour</b><br />
When not engaged in territorial disputes, male hydras often battle one another for the right to mate with a female. Likewise, a female will challenge and fight any males who approach her, refusing to mate with those who back down. Though a single clutch can contain up to a dozen eggs, competition among newborns is fierce, and more than half are killed by their siblings within days of hatching.<br />
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A hydra’s wounds are extremely quick to heal. Only deep strikes to the torso are likely to prove fatal, though decapitations prior to such strikes may help lead to a kill. Severed heads can grow back within weeks, and lesser wounds heal at a much faster rate.<br />
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Desert hydras spend the daylight hours hunting. Once its target is dead, the hydra unhinges one of its many jaws to swallow the meal whole, its mandibles guiding the carcass down the gullet. With its multiple heads, a hydra can consume prey even as it fends off scavengers and other predators.<br />
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At night, when the cold desert air makes the ectothermic hydras sluggish, they retreat to expansive subterranean dens to stay warm. Such dens also serve as nests, and female hydras protect such holdings fiercely. While navigating or constructing these dens, desert hydras propel themselves through the soil with rows of tiny, horned feet that line their bodies.<br />
<b><br />Employment</b><br />
Capturing a desert hydra is an exceptionally violent undertaking. At night, masses of slaves armed with rudimentary prods descend into a hydra's burrow to lure it to the surface where beast handlers fire upon the beast with harpoons. After several of the creature’s necks have been ensnared, slaves take hold of ropes stemming from each harpoon and pull the snapping heads to the ground long enough to let the beast handlers sedate the hydra. Successful captures often come with high casualties among both slaves and beast handlers. In a step that may seem extreme but is the essence of skorne pragmatism, experienced beast handlers often decapitate all but a single head prior to transporting captured hydras rather than risk further deaths - the hydra's regenerative capabilities ensuring it could not be killed by such tactics.<br />
<br />
For every slave killed in capturing a hydra, ten are lost during conditioning and battle preparation. Additionally, inserting flesh hooks beneath the hydras’ natural armor plating is a task from which few beast handlers walk away unscathed, and keeping the beasts fed requires a steady expenditure of resources.<br />
<br />
All attempts by the skorne to breed hydras in captivity have failed. Subjugating them for use as warbeasts was not considered to be worth the expense or deaths even for the richest skorne houses, until Supreme Archdomina Makeda unites the empire and makes the acquisition of these beasts a top priority so that she might use their strength in the conquest of the west. Keeping a desert hydra in captivity without breaking it to a warlock's will first is nearly unthinkable, so the creatures are captured wild and tamed in the desert, often by a team of the most skilled paingivers availableMitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-17248811916745393002016-12-21T14:06:00.003+08:002016-12-21T14:06:29.773+08:00Feathered dinosaur tail discovered in lump of amber from a market in Myanmar<blockquote class="embedly-card" data-card-key="8ac4b7fee45c4d83a80aed58857fcf40" data-card-type="article-full">
<h4>
<a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-09/99-million-year-old-amber-fossil-holds-dinosaur-bones-feathers/8092526">'It's as close as anyone will get to petting a dinosaur'</a></h4>
Updated December 09, 2016 08:16:43 Exquisitely preserved bones and feathers from the tip of a dinosaur tail have been discovered in a piece of 99-million-year-old amber, found by a palaeontologist hunting for fossils in a Myanmar market.</blockquote>
<script async="" charset="UTF-8" src="//cdn.embedly.com/widgets/platform.js"></script>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-949285051983468962016-12-02T16:02:00.000+08:002016-12-02T16:02:16.007+08:00Forest Dragons of Warhammer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Forest Dragons are an ancient breed of Dragon that seems to only
dwell within the ancient woodlands of the Old World. At first
thought, it seems incredible that a creature as vast as a Dragon
could make its home in the dense forests of Athel Loren. Yet, in the
deepest recesses of the Chasm Glades, there lurks a distinct race of
great sky wyrms who long ago adapted to life within the greenwood.
Protected by the forest canopy and shielded from the attentions of
young heroes seeking to make names for themselves by the sheer rock
faces of the chasms, these Forest Dragons thrived and multiplied.<br />
<br />
Such providence has proven itself a stark contrast to other places
in the Old World, where Dragons and their kin have long since been
either slain or driven into the mountains. Nothing dwells for long in
Athel Loren without being changed, and the Forest Dragons are no
exception. Like certain groups of Wood Elves, the Dragons have slowly
become an extension of the forest’s will to survive and prosper.
Though still voracious predators, the Dragons hunt only when the
forest has need of them, resting in a state of hibernation for the
remainder of the time. Should there be an intrusion by creatures too
mighty for Athel Loren’s spirits, the forest will occasionally goad
one or more Forest Dragons to wakefulness in order to counter the
threat. More often, the Elves will themselves petition the aid of a
Dragon to serve as a steed for a Glade Lord — a request to which
the beast cedes with reasonable grace, provided it wasn’t disturbed
from a particularly fascinating dream. Over time, a Glade Lord might
form a strong bond with a particular Forest Dragon, the two becoming
friends, more than mere allies at need.<br />
<br />
Regardless of the reason for its waking, a Forest Dragon is a
ferocious foe and one not easily matched. Few can stand firm against
its wrath unless they can master the primal fear its countenance
provokes. This fear only grows when the beast descends, arrows and
bullets scattering off its scaly hide, to eviscerate and devour all
who oppose it. Even those enemies fortunate enough to find themselves
beyond the crippling sweep of the Forest Dragon’s talons inevitably
succumb to its soporific breath. Those who breathe this cloying
emerald vapour collapse into a stupefied daze, their will to fight or
flee utterly spent.<br />
<br />
Despite their monstrous appearance, Forest Dragons are actually
highly intelligent, and maintain a keen interest in events that occur
far beyond the boundaries of Athel Loren. They are particularly
voracious for tidings that relate to their long months of slumber. In
part, this hunger is fed by the Elves who petition them for aid, but
the Dragons do not necessarily consider the Elves to be wholly
unbiased observers and often seek out others to provide counterpoint.
Indeed, it is not unknown for a Dragon to spare a suitably intriguing
opponent, providing that it has the potential to expand the Dragon’s
knowledge. If the captive’s news is sufficiently valuable or
intriguing, the Dragon feels duty-bound to spare his life in exchange
for the information; if not, the captive is invariably devoured on
the spot for unknowingly having squandered the Dragon’s precious
time.<br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-8141779377351328702016-11-13T19:19:00.001+08:002016-11-13T19:19:43.374+08:00CHAOS DRAGONS DAEMONIC MOUNTS <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Once noble rulers of the skies, now corrupt with change, the
two-headed Dragons of Chaos are malevolent predators. Each is a
nemesis of order and sanity that can break armies. Their twin maws
breathe death upon their foes; one exhaling dark flame, as the other
emits corrosive gas. Only the most powerful can ride such a monster,
and even then, it is more an unholy alliance than a matter of master
and servant.<br />
<br />
THE EYE AND THE DRAGON
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The third challenge Archaon faced was retrieving the Eye of
Sheerian from the lair of the three-headed Chaos Dragon Flamefang.
Archaon awoke Flamefang by smashing his axe into the slumbering
Dragon’s forehead. For many hours, the two battled amongst the
bones of legendary creatures at the base of the Cliff of Beasts. The
Dragon breathed searing flames over Archaon and even swallowed him
whole, but the Armour of Morkar proved inviolable, and the Chaos
Lord fought his way out of the Dragon’s gullet with the ferocity of
a maddened Warhound. With its insides shredded, the great drake
eventually collapsed and died. Archaon plucked the Eye of Sheerian
from the gems encrusting the Dragon’s belly, and hung the artefact
around his neck as a trophy.Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-28538629512486023182016-10-18T14:09:00.002+08:002016-10-18T14:09:56.916+08:00List of dragons in mythology and folklore - Wikipedia<blockquote class="embedly-card" data-card-image="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Meddragon_Liber_Floridus_Lambert_of_sint_Omaars_1460.jpg/80px-Meddragon_Liber_Floridus_Lambert_of_sint_Omaars_1460.jpg" data-card-key="8ac4b7fee45c4d83a80aed58857fcf40" data-card-type="article">
<h4>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_mythology_and_folklore">List of dragons in mythology and folklore - Wikipedia</a></h4>
A serpentine dragon common to all cultures influenced by Hinduism. They are often hooded like a cobra and may have several heads depending on their rank. They usually have no arms or legs but those with limbs resemble the Chinese dragon.</blockquote>
<script async="" charset="UTF-8" src="//cdn.embedly.com/widgets/platform.js"></script>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-5567768404835509492016-10-18T14:06:00.002+08:002016-10-18T14:06:45.989+08:00Dragon - Wikipedia<blockquote class="embedly-card" data-card-key="8ac4b7fee45c4d83a80aed58857fcf40" data-card-type="article">
<h4>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon">Dragon - Wikipedia</a></h4>
Narratives about dragons often involve their being killed by a hero. This topos can be traced to the Chaoskampf of the mythology of the Ancient Near East (e.g. Hadad vs. Yam, Marduk vs. Tiamat, Teshub vs. Illuyanka, etc.; the Biblical Leviathan presumably reflects a corresponding opponent of an early version of Yahweh).</blockquote>
<script async="" charset="UTF-8" src="//cdn.embedly.com/widgets/platform.js"></script>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-85467255850436139912016-09-26T18:10:00.000+08:002016-11-13T19:22:59.894+08:00Beowulf and the Fire Drake<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><br /><i><b>The Beowulf dragon is the first example in European mythology of a fire-breathing dragon. Previously, most dragons had poisonous breath. This might be an early indication of Christianity creeping into the tale, using fire to connect the dragon to Satan, or, just as likely, it highlights the danger of fire at a time when nearly everything was constructed of wood.</b></i><br />
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The aged king, Beowulf, stood on a hilltop and watched as distant flames consumed both his own hall and the village of his people. For hours he had watched in helpless heartache as a fire-drake, a winged-wyrm, had rained fire and destruction down on his people. The world of the Geats was being reduced to cinder and ash.<br /><br /> <br />His warriors had caught the man who had started it all: a foolish thief who had stolen a golden cup from the dragon’s hoard, enraging the vengeful beast. The thief would now be their guide back to the dragon’s lair, where Beowulf would face his last and greatest battle. He glanced at his companions, all young men and untested in battle; they would be of little help. Beowulf had his smiths bring him a giant shield of iron that could turn aside the dragon’s breath. He strapped the heavy shield upon his time-wearied arm, and nodded for the thief to lead the way.<br /><br /><br />The thirteen men walked long through the night, the distant fires shining like small candles. In time, they approached the rocky hills. The thief pointed towards a dark archway, the mouth of the dragon’s cave. A small stream of fire trickled out of its open maw, confirming that the master of the hoard was home.<br /><br /><br />Beowulf ordered his companions to stay where they were; he would face the dragon alone. Drawing a time-tested sword, and walking with his shield held before him, he followed the burning stream up to the mound. Near the entrance, he stood his ground, and let out a mighty battle-roar. The challenging cry echoed from the cliffs and around the stones before the cave mouth. Then a lance of fire jetted out of the cave, and Beowulf caught it on his shield. In a cloud of choking smoke, the dragon emerged, a sinewy, black-scaled monster, covered in the filth of years. It belched forth another blast of flame, which spilled around the iron shield, singeing Beowulf’s helmet and armour.<br /><br /><br />Then the two combatants, man and monster, rushed together. In a fury of sword, fang and claw, they struck at one another, clashing against shield and scales, but neither could gain the upper hand. They drew apart, the dragon drooling fire, the old king panting in the smoke-thick air.<br /><br /><br />All around, Beowulf’s men shrank back from this fight, and fled into the woods. All but one; a young warrior called Wiglaf felt a stirring in his heart. Drawing his own blade, he rushed into the fray. Though never before had he weathered the battle-storm, he bellowed his own war cry as he charged into battle.<br /><br /> <br />Undaunted by the appearance of a second foe, the dragon spat forth its flaming breath. The flames consumed Wiglaf’s shield, burning it from his arm. He cast the smouldering ruins aside and took shelter behind the great iron shield of Beowulf. Then those two bold warriors moved forward together, striking at the dragon with their gleaming swords. The dragon sprang forward again, its claws screeching against the iron shield. Beowulf batted aside those fearful claws and brought his blade around to slash against the dragon’s head. But, in that moment, the venerable sword shattered against the dragon’s rock-hard scales.<br /><br /><br />For a stunned moment, Beowulf gazed at the broken blade in sad amazement. That instant of inattention proved fatal, for the dragon coiled its long neck around the shield and clamped its jaws around Beowulf’s throat. Its fangs pierced the flesh of his neck and lifted him off the ground.<br /><br /><br />As the dragon reared up with the aged king trapped in its jaws, it exposed its vulnerable underbelly. With a cry of hatred, Wiglaf lunged forward, driving his sword deep into the dragon’s belly. At the same moment, Beowulf drew a dagger from his belt, and, still suspended in the dragon’s mouth, he plunged the knife into the creature’s eye. Twice mortally wounded, the dragon dropped Beowulf to the ground and tumbled backwards in agony. Its fiery breath sprayed in all directions, then went out. It collapsed in a loathsome heap, smoking from its own dying fire.<br /><br /> <br />With the dragon dead, Beowulf struggled to his feet, but his neck was already swelling from the bite of those poisoned fangs. He staggered to a seat by the entrance of the cave, his body clenching in agony. He spoke to Wiglaf through bloodied teeth and asked him to bring the treasures of the dragon before him. Wiglaf went into the dragon’s lair, and found more treasure than an army could carry. He selected some of the best golden cups and gleaming jewels. These he brought back out and placed before his dying lord.<br /><br /><br />Beowulf smiled and removed his helmet. He gave the royal boar helm to young Wiglaf, his last act as a gift-giver. He commanded that the treasure be buried with him, to remove it from the temptation of thieves. Then with a final breath, Beowulf’s eyes clouded over, and he passed from the world, the last of the great Geatish kings.Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1540488464785446546.post-44280779604206014102016-09-26T18:00:00.002+08:002016-09-26T18:00:39.791+08:00Cretacea: The game of gargantuan survival<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/QAR6esWRY1s" width="560"></iframe> <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQqDtnL07NQ" width="560"></iframe><br />
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Cretacea is the skirmish wargame of gargantuan survival, inspired primarily by a passion for dinosaur documentaries and dinosaurs themselves.<br />
<br />The cretaceous period of earth’s history was a fruitful and inspiring era full of magical creatures. It has long been my intention to bring these beasts to the table top in a survival based game. <br />
<br />Why survival?...because Cretacea is not just about fight and destroy objectives, it employs the use of roaring and grazing, barging and stomping among a plethora of other genre specific actions that make the game unique.<br />
<br />Cretacea is mainly inspired by nature documentaries and the way in which they depict the characters of the ancient world, fighting to eat, grow and survive!<br />
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A game plays in 30-45 mins (genuinely!) therefore, a small "campaign" or "dinosaur life" can be played out in a few hours.<br />
<br />Each game utilizes checks to emulate the real life characteristics of predators and prey respectively. Of course there are only really two teams to choose from, but the animals in those teams are so varied and wonderful that it is all you need.<br />
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The game also allows a level of investment in your dinosaur by being able to modify your dinosaur’s stats to suit age should you wish!<br />
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Fight to survive and risk it all, or graze peacefully and run when the predators get close. Its your game so it's entirely up to you how you play your dinosaurs!<br />
<br />
Utilize a selection of realistic yet crazy mechanics such as stomping tiny creatures with your gargantuan scale dinosaurs or tail whipping enemies as they close in.<br />
<br />
By making the most of unique specials for your dinosaur models you can also control the sway of the battle while keeping a steady flow of play due to the minimal models included.<br />
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Each game uses about 2-3 dinos a side.<br />
<br />
Although the game is designed to be used with 1/100 scale metal dinosaurs from <a href="http://www.magistermilitum.com/era/pre-historic/dinosaurs-and-reptiles-pre-65-million-bc/cretaceous-dinosaurs.html" target="_blank">magister militum</a> the book includes 4 pages of hand drawn dinosaur tokens that have been professionally digitally colored. <br />
<br />
<h4>
<a href="http://www.magistermilitum.com/era/pre-historic/dinosaurs-and-reptiles-pre-65-million-bc/cretaceous-dinosaurs.html" target="_blank">Cretaceous Dinosaurs </a></h4>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0