Study helps dinosaurs shed the kilos

The discovery may change the way we imagine and depict dinosaurs (Source: Andrew Howe/iStockphoto)

Jennifer Viegas
Discovery News

Dinosaurs were often hefty, but not as plump as previously thought, a finding that could forever change museum exhibits, book illustrations, and other recreations of these now-extinct species

A new study, which appears in the latest issue of Royal Society Biology Letters, describes a new technique used to measure the weight and size of dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals.
"This is a huge help for any sort of reconstruction," says lead author William Sellers. "We now have a number that suggests how much flesh to add to the bones and that should help people produce animals that are the right balance of too fat or too thin."
"This technique can also allow you to calculate the numbers you need for more sophisticated locomotor reconstructions, such as the running simulations we have produced in the past," says Sellers, who is based at the University of Manchester's Faculty of Life Sciences.
He and his team used lasers to measure the minimum amount of skin required to wrap around the skeletons of large modern animals that included reindeer, polar bears, giraffes and elephants. Doing this, the researchers noticed that the animals had almost exactly 21 per cent more body mass than the minimum skeletal "skin and bone" wrap volume.
The formula was then applied to a giant Brachiosaur skeleton housed at Berlin's Museum für Naturkunde. Previous estimates of this dinosaur's weight have been as high as 80 tonne. This latest study, however, reduces the figure to just 23 tonnes - impressively weighty, but not nearly as heavy.

Improved measuring techniques

"The 23 tonne weight is quite low, but I think it reflects the fact that all dinosaur weights are getting lower," says Sellers, explaining that the estimated weight for this dino, along with other species, has been dropping since about the early 1960's.
He says that the new estimate "reflects a better understanding of biology, and I think the early estimates were set in that big, fat and slow lizard mindset before the dinosaur renaissance. I think we will find that the lower estimates are much more appropriate for many dinosaurs."
High-tech scanners, fast computers and other tools were simply not available back in the day when dinosaur weights were first estimated. Up until fairly recently, even experts resorted to some fairly homespun methods for attempting to calculate dinosaur heft.
"One very common method is to take an artist's reconstruction sculpture of the animal and measure its volume by dipping it in water just like Archimedes," says Sellers. "That gives you the volumes, which you can multiply by the density to get its weight."
"The problem with this is the artist's reconstruction," he says. "These are very time consuming to do and probably rather inaccurate, so we thought we'd try a new method."

Limitations

Aside from improved accuracy, the new method is minimally invasive and relatively quick. The primary limitation, for now, is that the specimen should consist of a complete skeleton that has been mounted.
"This is reasonably accurate because the bones fit together like a jigsaw puzzle," he says.
Heinrich Mallison of the Museum für Naturkunde says the new study describes "a brilliant approach: not trying to estimate soft tissues, but finding out how much a bone-only model underestimates the entire animal's mass."
Mallison thinks it is "certainly a very good method for mammals, but I'd like to see tests with more details to find out if archosaurs (crocodiles and dinosaurs) have the same regressions, or differ."

T. rex was bigger than thought: study

The eye of a Tyrannosaurus rex replica named Kokoro is pictured during a media preview of the "Playing with Dinosaurs" exhibition at the National Chiang Kai-Shek Memorial Hall in Taipei(Source: Nicky Loh /Reuters)


 The iconic T. rex dinosaur grew bigger and faster than previously estimated, according to British and US scientists.
Scientists digitally modelled flesh on five mounted T. rex skeletons and showed that the meat-eating lizard kings were up to a third bigger and grew two times as fast into adults than previous research had suggested.
The findings, led by Professor John Hutchinson of The Royal Veterinary College, London, and Peter Makovicky, curator of dinosaurs at The Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, are published in the journal PloS One .
One of the skeletons included in the study was "Sue", the largest and most complete T. rex specimen ever found, on display at The Field Museum.
The 67-million-year-old dinosaur was discovered in 1990 on an Indian reservation in South Dakota by American palaeontologist Sue Hendrickson.
Named after its finder, Sue was previously thought to be about the size of a big elephant or rhinoceros, standing 3.5 metres high and 13 metres from head to tail.
Her living weight was guessed to be 6400 kilograms, or about six and a half tonnes.
But the latest methods found she would have tipped the scales at well over nine tonnes.
"We knew she was big but the 30 per cent increase in her weight was unexpected," says Makovicky.

Using digital models

The technique used mounted skeletons to derive body mass estimates, instead of models created to scale.The team made three-dimensional laser scans of the skeletons to form a template for digital models that would add simulated flesh.
They devised three different levels of the approximate amount of flesh the creatures likely had, to figure the size of a thin, hungry animal up to a well-fed one.
"Previous methods for calculating mass relied on scale models, which can magnify even minor errors, or on extrapolations from living animals with very different body plans from dinosaurs," says Makovicky.
"We overcame such problems by using the actual skeletons as a starting point for our study."
By establishing new sizes for the other four specimens studied, the researchers also found that the creatures likely grew faster than initially thought.
"We estimate they grew as fast as 1790 kilograms per year during the teenage period of growth, which is more than twice the previous estimate," says lead author Hutchinson.
That would mean the land-roaming carnivores expanded by about 5 kilograms per day during their peak growth spurt, more than double their 2004 estimate of 2.1 kilograms per day.

AFP